Peace-Warrriors

Rumsfield: Paving the Way for Torture

2011-07-25T02:37:00.000-04:00

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWerXHS893U&feature=related

Jane Fonda: The Truth about My Trip to Hanoi

2011-07-24T13:35:00.002-04:00

http://janefonda.com/the-truth-about-my-trip-to-hanoi/

The REAL Reason We Attacked Gadaffi's & His Regime

2011-06-25T04:08:00.000-04:00

In the beginning: Before the Invasion; Although this video dosent talk too much about Gadaffi's plan to switch the arab world to a gold standard, it does give some indication that the US was happy with his regime at this point in time,...as it was "Israel Friendly" and provided at least some degree of stability among Israels hostile neighbors . It wasent until Gadaffi's tooks steps to further his "Gold Standard Plan" that the USIsraelis became concered and ordered his regime taken out. For some reason they are finding that more difficult to do than thought,...and "secret" negotiations are being conducted as a way to let Gadaffi possibly stay in (power) somehow.....or at least get some kind of protection from US,...a new place to live and/or identity, a job with our CIA and/or one, both or all three. Thats just the way "we" roll.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fa3NADGrbJQ&feature=relmfu

Listen carefully as Dr. Franklin Lamb, director of Americans Concerned for Mid-East Peace" tells us a little bit about our history of western expansion and Imperialistic ways and how we came to have 800 bases in over 130 countries . This interview with Dr. Lamb was just prior to the US and UKs decision to invade Lybia for the (alleged) human rights violations that the regime was accused to have been and/or continue to conduct against its citizen rebels.... (stirred up, no doubt, by "foreign interveiner freedom fighters from the west." In other words,...CIA, FBI, Secret Service,...covertly.) As you will see after viewing the string of videos I have compiled for you here,...Gadaffi and his "Gold for Oil" plan DID NOT sit well with US or Israel, and was the string that broke his camels back

Gadaffi's "Gold for Oil""Plan would upsurpt USD; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GuqZfaj34nc&feature=relmfu

Arab Uprisings a False-Flag Op from the startt: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3T8_cH2n9CI&feature=relmfu

Lybian Gold a Globalist game;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUoOErVEVd0&feature=related

Something else we are doing horribly wrong in Lybia - as we did in Iraq & Afganistan. Using depleted uranium missles (outlawed by most other "civilized" nations & condemmed by the UN;) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SMYL4iZQnY&feature=related

DU missles target civilian village; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTmC86_jeJU&feature=related

A UK civilian citizen is deeplyt affected by our (UK & US) use of DU weapons,..reflects my own feelings here; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYrnQBnLGMU&feature=related

Something else we are doing terribly wrong in Lybia,...IGNORING REFUGES CALLS FOR HELP: 600 Lybians drown at sea;; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PssKFiesNyo&feature=relmfu

Israel called the shots here, in deciding to attack Lybia,..no doubt about it in anybodies mind. They ALWAYS have the last say regarding our (I mean their) foreign policies of which we "lovingly" embrace; Senate gives unwavering support to Israel; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJOvkrfFCXQ&feature=related

The Power of the Israeli Lobby: What they want the get; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukv85nc-VOA

The House is "A-ok" with NATO assault on Lybia - on Friday the House rejected a measure to cut funding for offensive operations by U.S. forces in Libya, pulling back from an effort to confront President Obama over the three month-old conflict. The resolution failed by a vote of 180 to 238.

http://link.email.washingtonpost.com/r/BZYGW4/GKSO7Q/6WWUL9/EGFGDZ/IVG8R/QR/h

So much for "The House" NOT being down with the plan...

End Israeli Aparthied

2011-06-24T21:59:00.002-04:00

http://endisraeliapartheid.blogspot.com/

Mounting Alarm over Possible US Use of Depleted Uranium Arms in Libya

2011-04-05T10:54:00.000-04:00

Mounting Alarm over Possible US Use of Depleted Uranium Arms in Libya

Gov Working on Hologram Projection Project

2011-03-29T22:04:00.000-04:00

USAID Behind Middle-East Revolts?

2011-03-29T08:21:00.001-04:00

USAID is an independent federal government agency that receives overall foreign policy guidance from the Secretary of State. USAID's work supports long-term and equitable economic growth and advances U.S. foreign policy objectives http://www.ungei.org/whatisungei/index_732.html

UN's "R2P" Plan Behind Unrest in Middle-East?

2011-03-29T07:59:00.001-04:00

http://www.ort.edu.uy/facs/boletininternacionales/contenidos/69/onu69.html

George Carlin - We Like War

2011-03-23T21:40:00.000-04:00

Undercover FBI Informant Infiltrates Peace Movement

2011-03-15T23:07:00.000-04:00

War crimes good, exposing them bad - Opinion - Al Jazeera English

2011-03-15T13:41:00.000-04:00

War crimes good, exposing them bad - Opinion - Al Jazeera English

Member of Scottish Parliament Sends Dossier on DU to Defence Secretary

2011-03-14T21:10:00.001-04:00

WARNING: Graphic Pics of DU victims;

http://exopolitics.blogs.com/breaking_news/2011/02/member-of-scottish-parliament-sends-dossier-on-depleted-uranium-to-defence-secretary-come-clean-on-d.html#

NOT So Cool Facts About Israel

2011-03-14T11:13:00.000-04:00

Vatic Report

2011-03-14T10:23:00.005-04:00

VATIC ALERT: Japan, third explosion on Sunday was a Hydrogen explosion, still waiting on more info on what that means to us. Read first blog on detoxing from radiation.

Blog: The Vatic Project - Daily Summary - March 13, 2011

I. Post: How to Detox Your Body of Depleted Uranium Residues, the Effects of Radiation, and Radioactive Contamination; http://vaticproject.blogspot.com/2011/03/how-to-detox-your-body-of-depleted.html

Vatic Note: I have no way of verifying the accuracy these articles, or if radiation detoxification is possible, but I am including all that I have found about radiation detoxification over the past 7 years that I have been collecting this info, so it comes from many different sources and experiences including Japan from WW II experience, and I did so in the hopes that it may be helpful to all those exposed to it.

Please send me additional information that you may have, or results of using these methods, so that I can share it with others. since we won't have a lot of time, its important to get going on this below first thing, they do have recommendations below on how to prepare you body and self for the eventuality that it will come over head. THEN WE GO AFTER THEM BIG TIME, FULL TIME, AND EVERYONE DOES IT. Are you sick of this attack against us yet??? Read and STUDY THIS BELOW AND BUY WHAT YOU NEED. you must understand that this goes in stages..... first you have to detox your skin, clothes etc...... this is contained below, then bath for detoxing 20% of what is within you out that way. Then you have to do internal detoxing and while you are doing that you have to eat.... right??? So those are two different things and they are also covered below. The map shows the first early radiation and lightest should hit us tomorrow which is the third day. After that in the 6th day we get another batch and final is 9th day which is suppose to be the worst. We can all survive this. We just have to do what it takes. Click above link to read more.

II. Post: JAPAN EARTHQUAKE - HAARP OR TOP SECRET MILITARY SPACE MISSION? OR BOTH?
http://vaticproject.blogspot.com/2011/03/japan-earthquake-haarp-or-top-secret.html

Vatic Note: Remember Harp needs water heated for it to work on earthquakes. So is that why the secret military space mission just before the earthquake? Another question, Fulford said that the attack came from either NM or Nevada. Now how did he know that? We have a video below on the fact that there is a facility in Nevada. We also have an article about the space mission below. So check all of this out and see if you put it together the way I am beginning to see it. I am not sure about Fulford, but for now, the evidence "appears" to be there. Although graphics manipulation has turned into a real art form. Laser tech to heat the water? This video also answers any questions some doubting thomases may have about the source of the earthquake. He simply furthers the understanding about who did this and now with radiation on the way to the states, there goes the weapon of mass destruction they have wanted to use on us.

REMEMBER, ITS NOT THE US, ITS ISRAEL AND BRITAIN, remember, the Queen is to Uranium what DeBeers is to diamonds. She is the largest private land owner in the world with massive amounts of uranium on the land she owns. I guess she will be selling alot of it after this.

There are two articles, the first are two videos explaining what may well have happened, and the second is an article ON THE TOP SECRET SPACE MISSION GOING UP JUST BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE WITH TOP SECRET WEAPONS THAT MAY WELL BE SPACE LASERS THAT CAN HEAT THAT WATER AS NEEDED TO CREATE THE EARTHQUAKE USING HARP.

Remember the gulf: The top secret military space mission went up just before the gulf blow out and then after we mention the lasers that day, and showed the video with two laser beams on the gulf and they matched the position of the holes in the top of the platform of the rig, they then changed the story to say it went up after the gulf blow out. Also remember the contract awarded for a second laser development since the first one performed so well. We had the blog on that here. I am with Fulford, NO WORLD WAR EXCEPT WITH THE ROTHSCHILD INTERNATIONAL BANKERS. .Click link above to read the rest

III. Post: THE 'HISTORIC ANTI-CORRUPTION RALLY (INDIA)' - THAT WENT 'UNREPORTED IN THE PRESS - Part I - The Speech

http://vaticproject.blogspot.com/2011/03/historic-anti-corruption-rally-that.html

Vatic Note: Every where that the Khazars have inserted themselves into the heart and core of a government is abject and obscene corruption at a level unprecedented. While corruption is always with us, its never been at a level that costs the nation and their people such a high price as to border on high treason and the potential overthrow of that government. This is simply another example, only this time its not in some arab or muslim nation, its with a much different society and culture. Remember, the culture is a caste system and that makes it easier to get away with it. Also we just proved that is not necessary for success. We have lost our nation to Israel and the Rothschild internationalist bankers without that caste system, but then we are voluntaryily ignorant and that is why we lost our country. Indians are educated and knowledgeable as we see here. Its good to see what is going on in other countries. Its the glue that binds us since we are all suffering under the yoke of Rothschild International Khazar banking mafia which gives me hope that a world revolution against these bankers is possible. Its more than just corruption that is the problem, its the blackmailing and threats to family and life of our elected officials. Knowing that has helped me focus on the true perps until we can free up our politicians to do what is right for us without costing them their lives..... then we can figure out who was bought off and who was blackmailed and threatened and take care of it from there. NO WORLD WAR AND NO REVOLUTION AGAINST THE GOV, BUT INSTEAD AGAINST THE INTERNATIONAL BIS ROTHSCHILD BANKING ZIONIST FASCIST MAFIA.
Click on link above to read the rest

IV. Post: THE 'HISTORIC ANTI-CORRUPTION RALLY' - THAT WENT 'UNREPORTED IN THE PRESS - Part II - The corruption listed

http://vaticproject.blogspot.com/2011/03/historic-anti-corruption-rally-that_13.html

Vatic Note : AS we can see, this rebellion is occurring world wide even within our most precious allies, India for one. Remember, Mossad/Israel have an unusually close relationship with India, its intelligence depts and her leaders. Remember also that India has a heavy caste system that is almost unbreakable. You cannot over come the caste you were born into through any mechanisms that are socially available. Keeping this in mind, you can see why the Khazar Israeli's have an affinity to the leadership of India, since they see the rest of the world the same way compared to them. We are cattle to be used as fodder for wars and slave labor. That is the main reason I support those unions in Wisconsin because that is the message being sent, WE ARE NOT FODDER FOR ANYTHING FOR ANYONE. It needs to be shouted loud and clear. Read this section part II about the specifics of the corruption and see the parallel to what we are experiencing right here. Part I deals with the unreporting of this rally and part II deals with the specifics of the reasons for it. These are not arabs, so this is not a MUSLIM ISSUE, THIS IS AN INTERNATIONAL KHAZAR BANKING ISSUE controlled by the ROTHSCHILDS that are destroying every single country on the planet with a few exceptions like Denmark, etc Bilderbergs and Khazar owned Royalty. This is in order to globalize. Click on link above to read more.

Gates Announces Extended Occupation in Afghanistan

2011-03-08T21:48:00.001-05:00

Say, dont we (Americans) have a say in this?

http://www.worldcantwait.net/index.php/home-mainmenu-289/7017-gates-announces-extended-us-occupation-in-afghanistan

Polls show the majority of us want us out of Afghanistan NOW.

Guess not.

Is the Anglosphere Driving Militant Islam?

2011-03-03T08:56:00.000-05:00

Is the Anglosphere Driving Militant Islam?

The Dominos Fall

2011-02-26T13:05:00.000-05:00

The Dominos Fall

Is our military using mind control on US senators and other government officials? | Thom Hartmann

2011-02-25T10:29:00.000-05:00

Psy-Ops Illegal - DU Weapons NOT

Is our military using mind control on US senators and other government officials? Thom Hartmann

1 The Other Israel - The Whole Story Of Zionist Conspiracy Part 1 of 7

2011-02-23T22:04:00.000-05:00

The Khazarian Conspiracy, Part 1 of 12

2011-02-23T22:02:00.000-05:00

05 - Saul Williams - Not In My Name (Remix - DJ Spooky)

2011-02-23T17:21:00.000-05:00

Nick Griffin's BNP: Not In My Name

2011-02-23T17:20:00.000-05:00

Israeli Army Will Cash in on Egypt's Upheavals

2011-02-22T19:36:00.002-05:00

The Israeli military has much to gain.

By Jonathan Cook - Nazareth

Israel has been indulging in a sustained bout of fear-mongering since the Egyptian dictator Hosni Mubarak was toppled earlier this month. The ostensible aim has been to warn the international community that the lengthy 'cold peace' between the two countries is on the verge of collapse.

In reality, the peace treaty signed three decades ago is in no danger for the forseeable future. The Egyptian and Israeli armies have too much of a vested interest in its continuation, whatever political reforms occur in Egypt.

And if the Egyptian political system really does open up, which is still far from sure, the Israeli military may actually be a beneficiary -- if for all the wrong reasons.

The main value of the 1979 Camp David treaty to the Israeli leadership has been three decades of calm on Israel’s south-western flank. That, in turn, has freed the army to concentrate on more pressing goals, such as its intermittent forays north to sow sectarian discord in Lebanon, its belligerent posturing towards first Iraq and now Iran in the east, and its campaign to contain and dispossess the Palestinians under its rule.

But since Mubarak’s ousting on February 11, Israeli politicians and generals have warned that democracy for Egypt is bound to empower the country’s Islamists, supposedly bent on Israel’s destruction.

Last week, Benjamin Netanyahu, the prime minister, compared a post-Mubarak Egypt with Iran, saying Israel was “preparing for the worst”. Likewise, Gabi Ashkenazi, the departing chief of staff, stated that Israel was braced for the peace treaty’s cancellation as the “moderate camp” weakened.

Officially, Tel Aviv’s concern is that, should the treaty be revoked, Israel will have to redirect much of its martial energy to preparing for potential hostilties with its neighbour, the most populous Arab state. Israel’s anxious declarations about the peace treaty, however, are largely self-serving.

Peace has reigned between Israel and Egypt because it is so strongly in the interests of both militaries. That is not about to change while the Egyptian and Israeli general staffs maintain their pre-eminent roles as the praetorian guards of their countries’ respective political systems.

Today’s close ties between the Israeli and Egyptian armies are a far cry from the earlier era of Gamal Abdel Nasser, who galvanised Arab nationalism in an attempt to defeat Israel, or his successor, Anwar Sadat, who almost led the Arab world to victory against the Israeli army in 1973.

Since the signing of the 1979 agreement, Washington has bought off the hawks on each side with massive military subsidies underwritten by the American taxpayer. The US has been happy to bankroll an accord that strengthens Israel, its useful Middle Eastern ally, and buys the acquiesence of Egypt, the Arab state best placed to resist the current regional order.

The Egyptian army receives $1.3 billion in annual military aid, making it the second largest recipient after Israel, which gets more than twice as much. In addition, military hardware has been lavished on the Israeli army, making it possibly the fourth strongest in the world -- an astonishing situation for a country of only seven million.

The munificence has continued despite the US financial crisis, and includes Washington’s effective donation last year to Israel of two dozen of the next-generation F-35 stealth fighter jet as part of its pledge to maintain Israel’s “technological edge” over its rivals in the region.

Three decades of American money thrown at the two armies have made each a key player in their respective economies -- as well as encouraging a culture of corruption in the senior ranks.

In Egypt’s case, large sections of the economy are controlled by retired generals, from electrical goods and construction companies to the production of olive oil and medicines. The army is reported to own about a third of the country’s assets.

The Israeli army’s economic stake is less ostentatious but no less significant. Its officers retire in their early forties on full pensions, and then cash in on their “security know-how”. Second careers in arms dealing, military consultancies or sinecures in Israel’s booming homeland security exports are all but guaranteed. Ehud Barak, a former chief of staff and the current defence minister, made millions of dollars from his security consultancy in a few years out of politics, for example.

Corruption, endemic in Israel’s political culture, has rapidly seeped into the military. Some of it is visible, as demonstrated this month with the passing over of a series of candidates for the vacant post of chief of staff because of the skeletons in their closets. Some is not: current investigations into dubious activities by Mr Ashkenazi and his family are subject to heavy reporting restrictions.

Nonetheless, both armies are revered by their countrymen. Even should that change in Egypt over coming months, the army is too strong -- thanks to the US -- to be effectively challenged by the protesters.

Israeli hawks, however, are right to be concerned -- on other grounds -- about the “threat” of political reform in Egypt. Although greater democracy will not undermine the peace agreement, it may liberate Egyptians to press for a proper regional peace deal, one that takes account of Palestinian interests as the Camp David accord was supposed to do.

Not least, in a freer Egypt, the army will no longer be in a position to play Robin to Israel’s Batman in Gaza. Its continuing role in the strangulation of the tiny enclave would likely come to an end.

But in such a climate, the Israeli military still has much to gain. As Israeli analyst Aluf Benn has observed, Israel will use the Middle East’s upheavals to highlight to the US that it is Washington’s only reliable ally -- the so-called “villa in the jungle”. Its show of anxiety is also designed to remind the US that a jittery Israel is more likely to engage in unpredictable military adventures.

The remedy, of course, is even greater American largesse. And for that reason, if no other, the fear-mongering from Tel Aviv is not about to end.

- Jonathan Cook is a writer and journalist based in Nazareth, Israel. His latest books are “Israel and the Clash of Civilisations: Iraq, Iran and the Plan to Remake the Middle East” (Pluto Press) and “Disappearing Palestine: Israel's Experiments in Human Despair” (Zed Books). He contributed this article to PalestineChronicle.com. Visit: http://www.jkcook.net/. (A version of this article originally appeared in The National - http://www.thenational.ae/ - published in Abu Dhabi.)

Article; http://www.palestinechronicle.com/

"The biggest Yerushalayim in Jewish history"

2011-02-22T19:26:00.000-05:00

Palesitinian leader makes concessions to Israel in Opposition to the Palestinian People

A Split in the Palestinian Camp

2011-02-22T15:43:00.000-05:00

http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-hamas-palestinian-authority-20110222,0,5112956.story

Christian Invaders: A Lecture

2011-02-21T11:16:00.000-05:00

http://vimeo.com/12353477

Ray McGovern on Israel, Iran and the Middle East

2011-02-20T18:25:00.000-05:00

Jewish Hate Caught on tape

2011-02-20T12:39:00.000-05:00

Zionism - Definition and History

2011-02-20T12:18:00.001-05:00

Note - The Zionist movement developed against the background of events in Palestine/Israel and influenced those events. This account of Zionism is meant to be read together with the brief history of Israel and Palestine and History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict since the Oslo Accords. Likewise, the Labor Zionist movement was a major force in the early implementation of Zionism, and therefore the history of Zionism cannot be intelligible without understanding the history of Labor Zionism.

Definition of Zionism

The word "Zionism" has several different meanings:

1. An ideology - Zionist ideology holds that the Jews are a people or nation like any other, and should gather together in a single homeland. Zionism was self-consciously the Jewish analogue of Italian and German national liberation movements of the nineteenth century. The term "Zionism" was apparently coined in 1891 by the Austrian publicist Nathan Birnbaum, to describe the new ideology, but it was used retroactively to describe earlier efforts and ideas to return the Jews to their homeland for whatever reasons, and it is applied to Evangelical Christians who want people of the Jewish religion to return to Israel in order to hasten the second coming. "Christian Zionism" is also used to describe any Christian support for Israel.

2. A descriptive term - The term "Zionism" was apparently coined in 1891 by the Austrian publicist Nathan Birnbaum, to describe the new ideology. It is also used to describe anyone who believes Jews should return to their ancient homeland.

3. A political movement - The Zionist movement was founded by Theodor Herzl in 1897, incorporating the ideas of early thinkers as well as the organization built by Hovevei Tziyon ("lovers of Zion").

(more Definitions of Zionism )

"Zionism" derives its name from "Zion," (pronounced "Tzyion" in Hebrew) a hill in Jerusalem. The word means "marker" or commemoration. "Shivath Tzion" is one of the traditional terms for the return of Jewish exiles. "Zionism" is not a monolithic ideological movement. It includes, for example, socialist Zionists such as Ber Borochov, religious Zionists such as rabbi Kook, revisionist nationalists such as Jabotinsky and cultural Zionists exemplified by Asher Ginsberg (Achad Haam). Zionist ideas evolved over time and were influenced by circumstances as well as by social and cultural movements popular in Europe at different times, including socialism, nationalism and colonialism, and assumed different "flavors" depending on the country of origin of the thinkers and prevalent contemporary intellectual currents. Accordingly, no single person, publication, quote or pronouncement should be taken as embodying "official" Zionist ideology.

False beliefs about Zionism

A number of false beliefs and myths have been circulated about Zionism - both by detractors and by supporters of the movement:

Zionism and religion - Zionism is not a religious movement, and Israel is not the state of the Jewish religion. The Jewish religious establishment was originally opposed to Zionism, and then tried to take over or direct the movement. There are religious Zionists, who have their own motivations for adhering to Zionism, and Zionism was certainly meant to include religious Jews, but Herzl, Weizmann and other Zionist leaders were not observant Jews and approached Zionism as a national problem, not as a religious issue.

Zionism and Land - Several misconceptions about Zionism and land exist. The first is that Zionism did not particularly aim to settle the "Holy Land" (Palestine) and that Zionists were willing to settle in places such as East Africa and Cyprus. The latter were considered for a time as temporary asylums in order to alleviate the suffering of Russian Jews, but they were never accepted as end goals for settlement by the Zionist movement. In order to further the goal of settlement outside Palestine, Israel Zangwill left the Zionist movement and founded the Territorial Zionist movement, a separate political and ideological stream, that tried to secure a national home for the Jews in other territories. Zangwill also became a champion of immigration to America and of assimilation. Another myth is that Zionism aspires to extend the borders of Israel throughout the Middle East. Zionists certainly wanted the largest possible territory for the Jewish state, but the main goal was always to have a national home for the Jewish people within the ancient territory of Israel and Judea, and the Zionist movement accepted partition of the British mandate in 1922, a tiny truncated state offered in 1937 and the UN partition resolution of 1947. A peculiar claim of anti-Zionists offered as "proof" of "Zionist expansionism" is the claim that Israel is the only country whose constitution does not define its borders. Israel does not have a constitution, and many or most constitutions do not define the borders of the state, as for example the United States constitution. The Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel does not declare its borders, but neither does the United States declaration of Independence.

After Israel conquered the West Bank in 1967, religious Zionists and the Greater Israel movement tried to claim that settlement of the newly conquered lands in what the Jordanians called the West Bank since 1945, and what was historically part of Judea and Samaria, was a central goal of Zionism. But the fact is that even when there was an opportunity for free purchase of land and settlement in the 1920s and 1930s, the Zionist movement did not purchase much land in those areas. Of the territories taken by Israel in 1967, only Jerusalem and perhaps Hebron have real national symbolic significance.

Zionism and expulsion of the Arabs - Anti-Zionists have insisted that Zionism plotted to expel the Arabs from Palestine. The claim has also been taken up by right-wing Zionist extremists, who can document it with various statements of leaders made at different times in favor of transfer of Arabs. It is true that some Zionist leaders made statements in favor of voluntary transfer of Arabs out of Palestine. There was no Zionist transfer policy however, except in acquiescence to the British Peel plan, which called for voluntary transfer of Arabs, and there was never an official Zionist policy or directive or order calling for mass expulsion of Arabs by force as a general policy. Plan Dalet (Plan D) issued in 1948, before Israeli independence, called for temporary expulsion of inhabitants of areas where it was necessary to secure roads that communicated between Jewish towns. This was necessitated by the road ambushes set up by Arab inhabitants in those villages.

A land without a people for a people without a land - The myth that this is a major slogan of Zionism was propagated by Edward Said (Edward Said, The Question of Palestine (New York: Times Books, 1979), p. 9) and Rashid Khalidi (Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 101.), and opponents of Zionism insisted that it meant that Zionism assumed or taught its enthusiasts that no people lived in Palestine. The slogan was coined by a Christian Zionist, a British advocate of the restoration of the Jews, Alexander Keith, who wrote that the Jews are "a people without a country; even as their own land, as subsequently to be shown, is in a great measure a country without a people." (Alexander Keith, The Land of Israel According to the Covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob (Edinburgh: William Whyte and Co., 1843). This was soon shortened to "a land without a people and a people without a land" (The United Secession Magazine (Edinburgh), vol. 1, p. 189). The phrase did not evidently mean to imply that there were no people living in Palestine. The intent of the phrase was apparently that there was no nation or nationalist entity other than the Jews who claimed Palestine as its homeland, as the Arabs of Palestine identified themselves variously as Arabs, Syrians, Nabulsi, Qudsi etc. and did not have a concept of Palestinian Arab nationhood or any Palestinian national organizations at that time. That this was the intent is shown by Lord Shaftesbury's version of the slogan, "There is a country without a nation; and God now in his wisdom and mercy, directs us to a nation without a country." (Shaftsbury, quoted in Albert Hyamson, "British Projects for the Restoration of Jews to Palestine," American Jewish Historical Society Publications, 1918, no. 26, p. 140). Diane Muir reviews the extensive use of the phrase by Christian Zionists including the American Blackstone, and its use in Jewish Zionism. Israel Zangwill is the first prominent Zionist recorded to have used the phrase and probably the only one who used it with serious intent in 1901 (Israel Zangwill, "The Return to Palestine," New Liberal Review, Dec. 1901, p. 615.). There was also apparently an isolated use of the phrase in the American Zionist journal, The Maccabean in 1901 (Raphael Medoff, American Zionist Leaders and the Palestinian Arabs, 1898-1948 (Ph.D. diss., Yeshiva University, 1991), p. 17. ). By 1914, Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann was referring to the phrase retrospectively (Paul Goodman, Chaim Weizmann: A Tribute on His Seventieth Birthday (London: V. Gollancz, 1945), p. 153) and other Zionists have since used the phrase ironically, in view of the bitter struggle with the Arab inhabitants of Palestine. It would probably be an exaggeration to conclude that "a land without a people for a people without a land" was never a slogan of Zionism at all, as most Jewish Zionists were familiar with it, but it was not a particularly important slogan or part of any political action platform, and Zionists certainly did not understand it to mean that there were no people in Palestine.

Zionism and Judaism - Opponents of Zionism and anti-Semites have sometimes identified all Jews as "Zionists" and used the terms "Jew" and Zionist interchangeably. For example, the Hamas charter lays the blame for the French Revolution on "Zionists" - though there were no Zionists in the 18th century. They clearly mean "Jews." Conversely, others have claimed that Zionism is not, and was never, representative of views of the majority of Jews. From its inception, Zionism enjoyed wide popular support, particular in Eastern Europe and Russia. Most German Jews were probably not Zionists, but Germany was the center of the Zionist movement for many years. Jewish financiers and philanthropists, however, most of whom were Western Europeans, were largely indifferent to Zionism and reluctant to finance settlement in Palestine. In the United States, Zionism became popular among Jews thanks to the leadership of Justice Louis Brandeis, but most American Jews supported Zionism as a solution for other Jews. They have been active Zionists in the sense of contributing money for settlement in Palestine and Israel and offering political support, but not to the extent of settling in Palestine or Israel themselves. A small minority of American Jews remains actively and vocally anti-Zionist, and many profess indifference. Some new groups, such as Brit Tsedek veshalom and J Street use the term "pro-Israel" and avoid the words "Zionism" and "Zionist." Their motivation for avoiding the word "Zionism" is not clear, since they claim to support Israel as the state of the Jewish people, which is the heart of Zionist ideology. Some studies have shown that "Zionism" and "Jew" have negative connotations even among Jews.

Background his*

Zionism did not spring full blown from a void with the creation of the Zionist movement in 1897. Jews had maintained a connection with Palestine, both actual and spiritual, even after the Bar Kochba revolt in 135, when large numbers of Jews were exiled from Roman Palestine, the remains of their ancient national home. The Jewish community in Palestine revived and, under Muslim rule, is estimated to have numbered as many as 300,000 about 1000 AD, prior to the Crusades. The Crusaders killed most of the Jewish population of Palestine or forced them into exile, so that only about 1,000 families remained after the reconquest of Palestine by Saladin. The Jewish community in Palestine waxed and waned with the vicissitudes of conquest and economic hardship, and invitations by different Turkish rulers to displaced European Jews to settle in Tiberias and Hebron. At different times there were sizeable Jewish communities in Tiberias, Safed, Hebron and Jerusalem, and numbers of Jews living in Nablus and Gaza. A few original Jews remained in the town of Peki'in, families that had lived there continuously since ancient times.

In the Diaspora, religion became the medium for preserving Jewish culture and Jewish ties to their ancient land. Jews prayed several times a day for the rebuilding of the temple, celebrated agricultural feasts and called for rain according to the seasons of ancient Israel, even in the farthest reaches of Russia. The ritual plants of Sukkoth were imported from the Holy Land at great expense.

From time to time, small numbers of Jews came to settle in Palestine in answer to rabbinical or messianic calls, or fleeing persecution in Europe. Beginning about 1700, groups of followers led by rabbis reached Palestine from Europe and the Ottoman Empire with various programs. For example, Rabbi Yehuda Hehasid and his followers settled in Jerusalem about 1700, but the rabbi died suddenly, and eventually, an Arab mob, angered over unpaid debts, destroyed the synagogue the group had built and banned all European (Ashkenazy) Jews from Jerusalem. Rabbis Luzatto and Ben-Attar led a relatively large immigration about 1740. Other groups and individuals came from Lithuania and Turkey and different countries in Eastern Europe.

At no time between the Roman exile and the rise of Zionism was there a movement to settle the holy land that engaged the main body of European or Eastern Jews. The condition of Jews both in Europe and Eastern countries made such a movement unimaginable. Many, however, were attracted to various false Messiahs such as Shabetai Tzvi, who promised to restore Jews to their land. For most Jews, the connection with the ancient homeland and with Jerusalem remained largely cultural and spiritual, and return to the homeland was a hypothetical event that would occur with the coming of the Messiah at an unknown date in the far future. European Jews lived, for the most part in ghettos. They did not get a general education, and did not generally engage in practical trades that might prepare them for living in Palestine. Most of the communities founded by these early settlers met with economic disaster, or were disbanded following earthquakes, anti-Jewish riots or outbreaks of disease. The Jewish communities of Safed, Tiberias, Jerusalem and Hebron were typically destroyed by natural and man-made disasters and repopulated several times, never supporting more than a few thousand persons each at their height. The Jews of Palestine, numbering about 17,000 by the mid-19th century, lived primarily on charity - Halukka donations, with only a very few engaging in crafts trade or productive work.

Proto-Zionism
Following the French Revolution and the emancipation of European Jewry however, the vague spiritual bonds of the Jews to the "Holy Land" began to express themselves in more concrete, though not always practical ways. About 1808, groups of Lithuanian Jews, followers of the Vilna Gaon (a famous rabbi and opponent of Hassidism) arrived in Palestine and purchased land to begin an agricultural settlement. In 1836, Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer petitioned Anschel Rothschild to buy Palestine or at least the Temple Mount for the Jews. In 1839-1840, Sir Moses Montefiore visited Palestine and negotiated with the Khedive of Egypt to allow Jewish settlement and land purchase in Palestine. However, the negotiations led to nothing, possibly frustrated by the outbreak of an anti-Semitic blood-libel in Damascus. Thereafter, Montefiore continued with less ambitious philanthropic schemes in Palestine and in Argentina. In the 1840s,

Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer

British Zionism - The idea of a Jewish restoration also took the fancy of British intellectuals for religious and practical reasons. It had been championed by Protestants since the seventeenth century. The restoration was championed in the 1840s by Lords Shaftesbury and Palmerston, who in addition to religious motivations, thought that a Jewish colony in Palestine would help to stabilize and revive the country, Jewish national stirrings were also voiced by novelists and writers such as Lord Byron, Benjamin Disraeli, George Eliot and Walter Scott. (see also British Zionism and off-site: Christian Zionism)

Role of Sephardic Jews - Through an accident of history, European (Ashkenazy) Jews took the lead in organized Zionism for many years. However, Sephardic (Spanish) Jews and Jews in Arab lands maintained a closer practical tie with the holy land and with the Hebrew language than did Ashkenazy Jews and also influenced and participated in the the Zionist movement from its inception. Sarajevo-born Judah ben Solomon Hai Alkalai (1798-1878,) is considered one of the major precursors of modern Zionism. Alkalai believed that return to the land of lsrael was a precondition for the redemption of the Jewish people. Alkalai's ideas greatly influenced his Ashkenazy contemporary, Rabbi Zvi Hirsh Kalischer. Alkalai was also a friend of the grandfather of Theodore Herzl, the founder of modern Zionism. Another Sephardi Jew, David Alkalai, a grand-nephew of Judah Alkalai, founded and led the Zionist movement in Serbia and Yugoslavia., and attended the first Zionist Congress in Basel (1897).

Rabbi Solomon Hai Alkalai

Early Zionists
The modern formulation of Zionism was at least partly divorced from religious aspirations. The rise of modern nation states and the 18th and 19th century enlightenment and emancipation movements allowed the Jews to leave the ghettos of Europe for the first time, catalyzing a host of changes in Jewish society and culture, many of which were expressed in the Haskalah movement. While the Haskalah movement in Germany promoted assimilation, Haskalah in Germany and later in Russia also set in motion a number of processes that would ultimately make possible a Jewish national movement, including the study of Hebrew as a secular language, the creation of a Hebrew press and literature, the creation of a Jewish cultural life outside the framework of rabbinical and religious Judaism, and the movement to bring Jews into "productive" occupations and agriculture.

Some Jews converted to Christianity and assimilated to surrounding society. Others, exposed to a general education, dropped their religious beliefs, but considered themselves Jews, and understood that others still considered them to be Jews. This suggested a conundrum. If one could be a non-believer and still be a Jew, then "Jew" must be more than just the name of a religion. German racists solved this conundrum by inventing a racial theory, which lacked any real scientific basis. Socialists cited the aberrant class structure of Jewish society and labeled Jews a "caste." Zionists solved the conundrum by declaring that Jews are a people, a fact implicit and explicit in the Jewish biblical and cultural concept of "t;am Yisrael." The Jews were a people without a country however, and would remain politically powerless as long as they did not have a national home. They would be guests everywhere and at home nowhere, according to Zionist ideology. This homelessness was the cause of the "Jewish Problem," and it could not fail to be exacerbated by the rise of nationalism and nations in the 19th century. This explained why, paradoxically, anti-Jewish sentiment might become more pronounced in "enlightened" Europe than it had been in previous centuries, when nationalism had been less pronounced.

Moses Hess, a relatively secular Jew and a socialist, was probably the first to enunciate these ideas in so many words in his book Rome and Jerusalem: The Last National Question, published in 1862, calling for a Jewish national movement similar to the Italian risorgimento nationalist movement. These and similar sentiments were adopted by numerous small groups that formed primarily in Eastern Europe, but also in Britain and in the United States.

The "first aliya" - The first groups of immigrants who came to the land of Israel (it had no official name in the Ottoman Empire) with the idea of turning the land into a national home for the Jews are known as the "first Aliya." "Aliya" literally means "going up" and it is a term Jews have used for a long time for coming to the holy land. Beginning in the 1870s, religious and nonreligious Jews established several study groups and societies for purchasing land in Palestine and settling there. In 1870 the Alliance Israelite, an ostensibly non-Zionist organization, founded the Miqveh Yisrael agricultural school near Beit Dagan.

In 1882, the BILU (an acronym for "Beyt Ya'akov Lechu Venelcha" - House of Jacob let us go) and Hibbat Tziyon (love of Zion) groups were established. They were inspired by the impetus of the wave of anti-Jewish violence that had swept Russia in 1881. Hibbat Tziyion began as a network of independent underground groups. These and similar groups established a number of early Jewish settlements including Yesod Hamaalah, Rosh Pinna, Gedera, Rishon Le Tziyon, Nes Tziyonna and Rehovot on land purchased from Arab owners with the aid of Jewish philanthropists, chiefly Lord Rothschild. Joel Solomon led a group of orthodox Jews out of Jerusalem to found Petah Tikva in 1878.

Petah Tiqva

The settlements were characteristically vineyards and orange orchards. The settlers were mostly religious Jews at least nominally, though the religious Jewish establishment frowned on Zionism. In 1882, 150 Yemenite Jews also found their way to Palestine. The first Aliya numbered about 25,000 persons, primarily from Eastern Europe. Many of them returned home defeated by disease, poverty and unemployment.

Revival of Hebrew - Among the first arrivals of the first Aliya was Eliezer ben Yehuda (Perelman). Inspired by European, particularly Bulgarian nationalism, Ben Yehuda was moved to settle in Palestine. He arrived in 1881 and undertook to revive the Hebrew language. With the help of Nissim Bechar, principal of a school operated by the Alliance Israelite Universelle, Ben Yehuda began teaching Hebrew. Later he founded and published the Hatzvi newspaper, and set up a linguistic council. Ben Yehuda's work was the major force in the revival of Hebrew as a modern language.

Leon Pinsker and Hovevei Tziyon - Inspired by the anti-Semitic violence in Russia, Leon Pinsker formulated the modern idea of Zionism in a small pamphlet called Auto-Emancipation, published in 1882. Pinsker believed that anti-Semitism was inevitable as long as Jews were guests in every country and at home nowhere, and wrote that the Jews' only salvation lay in liberating themselves and settling in their own country. Pinsker favored Argentina or other countries as sites for the Jewish homeland. However, Western Jews who might have favored this idea rebuffed him. In his native Russia, however, his ideas were well received, but they were channeled to settlement in Palestine. In 1882, Pinsker was made head of the Hovevei Tzion organization, which united many small and scattered groups, primarily in Russia, into a single organization. Pinsker favored "political Zionism," that is, organization of Jews in Europe and petitioning the great powers for land on which to establish a national home. However, his efforts in this direction were rebuffed by the Russian government. Instead, he directed his energies to the gradual purchase of land and settlement of small groups in Palestine.

Early settlers faced innumerable cultural and economic difficulties. In 1800, the ravages of misadministration and war had reduced the population to about 200,000. By the 1880s, the land had recovered somewhat, but it was still poor and disease ridden. The total population was about 450,00. Jerusalem was a small town of 25,000 inhabitants, slightly more than half Jewish. The first settlement of Petah Tikva in 1878 failed and was later refounded. The Ottoman government barely tolerated the settlers, especially those who retained their foreign nationality, and occasionally the government restricted immigration. Settlers who adopted Ottoman nationality were liable for the Turkish draft. Disease, poverty and unemployment caused many to leave.

Early Jewish Settlers

Theodore Herzl and the Foundation of the Zionist Movement
The Dreyfus Affair, in which a Jewish officer of the French army was falsely convicted of treason in 1894, initiated waves of anti-Semitism in the French press and in the street. It cast doubt on the notion that Jews could achieve acceptance in modern liberal democracies, and made Western European Jews conscious of their national identity. In particular, it affected a young Vienna journalist, Theodor Herzl . His pamphlet Der Judenstaat, The Jewish State, was published in 1896. Herzl's plan for creating a Jewish State, arrived at after contemplating other solutions as well, provided the practical program of Zionism, and led to the first Zionist Congress in Basle, Switzerland, in August, 1897.

After the first Basle Congress, Herzl wrote in his diary, “Were I to sum up the Basle Congress in a word- which I shall guard against pronouncing publicly- it would be this: ‘At Basle, I founded the Jewish State. If I said this out loud today, I would be answered by universal laughter. If not in 5 years, certainly in 50, everyone will know it.’”

Theodor Herzl

There had been lesser Zionist political gatherings with the same aims in the years just prior to the Zionist Congress, but they did not attract the attention that Herzl's congress did, and were largely forgotten. The Basle congress marked the foundation of Zionism as a world political movement.

In 1902, Herzl published a utopian novel to popularize the Jewish state, Altneuland, (old-new land) a vision complete with monorails and modern industry. The novel concludes, "If you will, it is no legend."

Herzl thought that diplomatic activity would be the main method for getting the Jewish homeland. He called for the organized transfer of Jewish communities to the new state. Of the location of the state, Herzl said, "We shall take what is given us, and what is selected by public opinion."

Herzl attempted to gain a charter from the Sultan of Turkey for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, then ruled by the Ottoman Empire. To this end he met in 1898 with the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, in Istanbul and Palestine, as well as the Sultan, but these meetings did not bear fruit.

Herzl negotiated with the British regarding the possibility of settling the Jews on the island of Cyprus, the Sinai Peninsula, the El Arish region and Uganda. After the Kishinev pogroms, Herzl visited Russia in July 1903. He tried to persuade the Russian government to help the Zionists transfer Jews from Russia to Palestine. At the Sixth Zionist Congress Herzl proposed settlement in Uganda, on offer from the British, as a temporary "night refuge." The idea met with sharp opposition, especially from the same Russian Jews that Herzl had thought to help. Though the congress passed the plan as a gesture of esteem for Herzl, it was not pursued seriously, and the initiative died after the plan was withdrawn. In his quest for a political solution, Herzl met with the king of Italy, who was encouraging, and with the Pope, who expressed opposition. A small group, the Jewish Territorial Organization ("Territorial Zionists") led by Israel Zangwill, split with the Zionist movement in 1905, and attempted to establish a Jewish homeland wherever possible. The organization was dissolved in 1925.

The insistence of Eastern European Jews on Palestine as the Jewish homeland, coupled with the failure of alternatives, maintained the focus of the Zionist movement on Palestine.

The Second Aliyah and Socialist Zionism
The "political Zionism" approach originally tried by Montefiore, Pinsker and Herzl, which attempted to obtain a Jewish homeland from colonial powers, failed to attain results at least initially. Meanwhile, however, practical settlement efforts gradually increased the Jewish population of Palestine from about 25,000 in 1882 to approximately 85,000 to 100,000 just prior to World War I.

A fresh wave of anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia provided the impetus for a second wave of immigration, beginning about 1904 and called the Second Aliyah. At the same time, the rise socialist - Zionist stirrings had inspired several socialist Zionist movements. Thousands of new immigrants dedicated to the conquest of labor ethic and socialist ideals arrived in Palestine. Their Zionism was typified by the thinking of men like Ber Borochov andA.D. Gordon,. Hapoel Hatzair, ("The young worker") was founded by A.D. Gordon, Poalei Tziyon ("workers of Zion") , and later Hashomer Hatzair ("the young guard) were inspired by Ber Borochov. Borochov, an ideologue of the Poalei Tziyon movement, did not cite anti-Semitism as the basis or motivation of Zionism. According to him, the Diaspora produced aberrant social conditions that made Jews economically inferior and politically helpless. The normal organization of society was a pyramid, according to Borochov, with a large body of workers and smaller groups of intelligentsia, land owners and capitalists. The Diaspora had created an 'inverted pyramid' in Jewish society, with no Jewish peasant or worker class. Self-liberation of the Jews would come about by proletarianization of the Jews in their homeland, and the nascent Jewish proletariat would join the socialist international. Similarly, A.D. Gordon, inspired by 19th century romanticism, called for a Jewish return to the soil and virtually made a religion of work. These ideas fused into the ideals of "productivization" (returning the Jews, who engaged mostly in professional and mercantile trades, to productive labor) and "conquest of labor" ( Kibbush Haavoda). "Conquest of labor" later took on additional meanings. (See also Labor Zionism and Socialist Zionism )

Labor Zionism - Detail of photo showing delegates to the fourth meeting of the Hapoel Hatzair, about 1909. Click here for full photo and more about Labor Zionism and socialist Zionism.

The new immigrants arrived with the ideals of socialist Zionism, but reality was not favorable to implementing those ideas. The Zionist movement attempted to find them work. but the new immigrants , who had no training in agriculture and poor physical stamina, were unable to compete with Arab peasants. Arabs certainly would not hire Jewish workers, who could not work well and could not speak Arabic. Arab labor was also preferred by the plantation and vineyard owners of the first Aliya. Arabs were experienced and hard workers, and were able to work for much lower wages because they were often members of an extended family that made its main income from sharecropping. The plantation owners had also developed a superior colonialist mentality which suited the hiring of "natives," and clashed with the egalitarian ideas and social demands of the newly arrived socialists.

The socialist Zionist movements tried to force plantation owners to grant higher wages, and also began to insist that plantation owners hire only Jewish workers. This aspect of "conquest of labor" was controversial within the socialist-Zionist movements because it engendered lack of solidarity with the Arab working class and was discriminatory. One labor Zionist leader wrote:

"How can Jews, who demand emancipation in Russia, rob rights and act selfishly toward other workers upon coming to Eretz Israel? If it is possible for many a people to hide fairness and justice behind cannon smoke, how and behind what shall we hide fairness and justice? We should absolutely not deceive ourselves with terrible visions. We shall never possess cannons, even if the goyim shall bear arms against one another for ever. Therefore, we cannot but settle in our land fairly and justly, to live and let live. "
(Meir Dizengoff (writing as "Dromi") "The Workers Question," Hatzvi, September 21, 22, 1909)

At the same time, Conquest of Labor was a central part of Labor Zionist ideology, as a means of rebuilding the Jewish people, not a discriminatory ideology. A.D. Gordon wrote:

But labour is the only force which binds man to the soil… it is the basic energy for the creation of national culture. This is what we do not have, but we are not aware of missing it. We are a people without a country, without a national living language, without a national culture. We seem to think that if we have no labour it does not matter - let Ivan, John or Mustafa do the work, while we busy ourselves with producing a culture, with creating national values and with enthroning absolute justice in the world.

(A.D. Gordon, "Our Tasks Ahead" 1920)
The boycott of Arab labor, only partly successful, was carried out reluctantly as a matter of necessity, and because the establishment of Jews as a class of colonial plantation owners seemed worse than the alternative. The discriminatory program of "conquest of labor" also provoked bitterness among some Arabs, particularly watchmen who lost their jobs to Jews. In the main however, the "conquest of labor" movement was initially unsuccessful, nor could it have much real influence on the economic prospects of Arabs. Only a few thousand Jewish workers were involved. Gershon Shafir (Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882–1914, University of California Press, 1996) estimates that about 10,000 such workers passed through Palestine in the second Aliya, many leaving in discouragement. Other sources claim there were about 3,000 workers out of approximately 33,000 who came to Palestine in the second Aliya. Because of the wage differential and because of the expertise of Arab workers, Arab labor continued to find employment in Jewish settlements. It was only with the massive Jewish immigration of the 1930s, coupled with Arab unrest and sabotage attempts, that Jewish workers began to replace Arab workers in most of the Jewish economy. Of course, few Jews worked in the Arab economy.

The kibbutz collective settlements were started as a practical method of settling Jewish laborers on the land and overcoming the preferences of plantation owners for Arab labor. A small group of Jewish immigrants was settled in an economic cooperative in Sejera, later founding Kibbutz Degania in 1909. The arrangement, originally thought to be temporary, proved to be practical, as well as suited to the socialist ideals of the new settlers and the practical requirements of Zionism. It soon inspired several other kibbutzim (collective farms). The kibbutz movement was to become the backbone of Labor Zionism in Palestine, and eventually provided political and military leadership. Kibbutzim provided ideal places for hiding arms from the British and recruiting and training troops, as well as for organizing local defense and guarding borders.

The Zionist movement did not give up efforts to find a political solution. The political Zionism and practical settlement approaches were merged into "Synthetic Zionism" advocated by Chaim Weizmann . The efforts ultimately bore fruit in the Balfour Declaration, a promise by Britain to further efforts for a Jewish national home in Palestine. and in the League of Nations Mandate,which give international sanction to the Jewish national home. Weizmann became head of the Zionist organization and later was the first President of Israel.

Chaim Weizman

Zionism and the Arabs

When Zionism had its first beginnings, in the early 19th century, there were about 200,000 Arabs living between the Jordan river and the Mediterranean in the approximate area that later became "Palestine," mostly concentrated in the countryside of the West Bank and Galilee, and mostly lacking in national sentiment. Palestine was, in Western eyes, a country without a nation, as Lord Shaftesbury wrote. Early proto-Zionists did not trouble themselves at all about the existing inhabitants. Many were heavy influenced by utopianism. In the best 19th century tradition, they were creating a Jewish utopia, where an ancient people would be revived. They envisioned a land without strife, where all national and economic problems would be solved by good will, enlightened and progressive policies and technological know-how. Herzl's Altneuland was in in fact just such a utopia. In the novel, Herzl envisioned a modern pluralistic society, in which Jews and Arabs had equal rights. A demagogic politician who wanted to form a narrow hyper-nationalist Jewish state, was defeated in elections.

In reality, Jewish population grew, but Arab population grew more rapidly. By 1914, there were over 500,000 Arabs in Palestine, but only about 80,000 to 100,000 Jews. Arab opposition to Jewish settlement grew as Arabs perceived that the Zionist goal was more than just a myth, and as they increasingly identified Zionism with British interests in the Middle East.

At the same time, early Zionist pronouncements and outlook were often frankly colonialist, especially when addressing leaders of foreign powers. The plantations sponsored by Baron Rothschild were modeled on plantation settlement in Algeria and other colonies. Colonialism was fashionable and "progressive," and some early Zionist leaders saw nothing wrong in assimilating this idea to Zionism along with other modern ideas such as socialism, utopianism and nationalism.

Later Zionists were heavily influenced by socialism and embarrassed at the colonialist aspects of the Zionist project. They were also aware, of course, that Palestine was already occupied by Arabs. Many however, including the young David Ben-Gurion, who headed the Executive committee of the Zionist Yishuv (Jewish community) in Palestine and was later the first Prime Minister of Israel, initially thought that the Arabs could only benefit from Jewish immigration and would welcome it. Others, such as Eliezer ben Yehuda, frankly envisioned removal of the Arabs from Palestine.

One of the earliest warnings about the Arab problem came from the Zionist writer Ahad Ha'am (Asher Ginsberg), who wrote in his 1891 essay "Truth from Eretz Israel" that in Palestine "it is hard to find tillable land that is not already tilled", and moreover:

From abroad we are accustomed to believing that the Arabs are all desert savages, like donkeys, who neither see nor understand what goes on around them. But this is a big mistake... The Arabs, and especially those in the cities, understand our deeds and our desires in Eretz Israel, but they keep quiet and pretend not to understand, since they do not see our present activities as a threat to their future... However, if the time comes when the life of our people in Eretz Israel develops to the point of encroaching upon the native population, they will not easily yield their place.
Ahad Ha'am, believed that the Jews would need to first build a strong Jewish culture abroad, and that this culture and awareness would then make the dream of a Jewish homeland possible. The Jewish community in Palestine, he felt should be a cultural center for Jews of the Diaspora, that would catalyze this revolution in Jewish life and eventually bring about mass Jewish support for the Zionist project. Contrary to the impression that some modern interpretations give, Ahad Ha'am was not anti-Zionist and was not an opponent of the formation of a Jewish national home. In fact, he was an enthusiastic supporter of Zionism. Hed wrote an article eulogizing Leon Pinsker in glowing terms and he emigrated to Palestine and lived in Tel Aviv.

Arab opposition to Zionism grew after 1900. The birth of Arab nationalism and Arab political aspirations in the Ottoman empire coincided with the arrival of fairly sizeable number of Zionists with the announced program of settling the land and turning it into a Jewish national home. In his book, Reveil de la Nation Arab in 1905, Najib Azouri stated that the Jews want to establish a state stretching from Mt Hermon to the Arabian Desert and the Suez Canal. Azoury wrote:

Two important phenomena of the same nature but opposed, are emerging... They are the awakening of the Arab nation and the latent effort of the Jews to reconstitute on a very large scale the ancient kingdom of Israel. These movements are destined to fight each other continually until one of them wins.

(Mandel, Neville, The Arabs and Palestine, UCLA, 1976)

Rashid Khalidi (Palestinian Identity, Columbia, 1997) notes that beginning about 1908 Palestinian newspapers offered extensive evidence of anti-Zionist agitation. Actual conflicts flared up because the Zionists purchased large tracts from landowners and subsequently evicted the tenant farmers. The former tenants, though they had received some compensation, continued to insist that the land was theirs under time honored traditions and tried to take it back by force. A notable case was Al-Fula, where Zionists had purchased a large tract of land from the Sursuq family of Beirut. Local officials took the side of the Arab peasants against the Zionists and against the Ottoman government, which upheld the legality of the sale. 150 Palestinian notables cabled the Ottoman government to protest land sales to Jews in March 1911. Azmi Bey, Turkish governor of Jerusalem responded:

We are not xenophobes; we welcome all strangers. We are not anti-Semites; we value the economic superiority of the Jews. But no nation, no government, could open its arms to groups... aiming to take Palestine from us.

(Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, Knopf 1999 Page 62)

Likewise, the "conquest of labor" movement displaced some Arab watchmen and led to violence. While the actual number of persons displaced or dispossessed may have been small, and may have been offset by real economic benefits and increased employment provided by Zionist investment, the feeling grew among the Arabs that the Zionists had arrived to dispossess them. A Nazareth group complained that the Zionists were "a cause of great political and economic injury... The Zionists nourish the intention of expropriating our properties. For us these intentions are a question of life and death." (Morris, loc cit.) As the conflict intensified, the Zionists formed a guard association, Hashomer, to guard the settlements in place of Arab guards. The attempts to retake land and disputes with Jewish guards led to increased violence beginning in the second half of 1911. ry zionism * history

Following World War I, Palestine came under British rule. Even before they had conquered Palestine from the Ottoman Turkish Empire, owing to the efforts of Zionists, the British government declared its intentions, in the Balfour declaration, of sponsoring a "national home" for the Jews in Palestine. Britain was given a League of Nations Mandate to develop Palestine as a Jewish National home. The Arabs of Palestine were appalled at the prospect of living in a country dominated by a Jewish majority and feared that they would be dispossessed. Anti-Jewish rioting and violence broke out in 1920 and 1921. By this time, Zionist leaders could no longer ignore the conflict with the Arabs. By 1919, representatives of the Jaffa Muslim-Christian council were saying

"We will push the Zionists into the sea or they will push us into the desert"

(Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, Knopf 1999 Page 91)

Arab opposition to Zionism was not based only on economic and social issues. It was colored by the traditional Muslim vision of the Jews as second class citizens. By the 1920s, it was also motivated by a strong admixture of Western anti-Semitism. In 1920, Musa Kazim El Husseini, deposed as Mayor of Jerusalem because of his part in riots earlier that year, told Winston Churchill:

The Jews have been amongst the most active advocates of destruction in many lands... It is well known that the disintegration of Russia was wholly or in great part brought about by the Jews, and a large proportion of the defeat of Germany and Austria must also be put at their door.

(Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, Knopf 1999 Page 99)

It is not clear how Churchill received this amazing and unwitting testimonial to the aid proffered to his country's war effort by the Jews, or what Husseini thought to accomplish by it. Aref Dajani had earlier voiced similar sentiments to the King- Crane Commission

It is impossible for us to make an understanding with them or or even to live with them... Their history and all their past proves that it is impossible to live with them. In all the countries where they are at present they are not wanted... because they always arrive to suck the blood of everybody...

(Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, Knopf 1999 Page 91)

While Palestinian Arabs viewed themselves as a small group of helpless victims of powerful British and Jewish "interests," the Zionists saw the opposite side of the coin. The militant Zionist leader, Vladimir Jabotinsky, asked in 1918:

The matter is not ... an issue between the Jewish people and the Arab inhabitants of Palestine, but between the Jewish people and the Arab people. The latter, numbering 25 million, has [territory equivalent to] half of Europe, while the Jewish people, numbering ten million and wandering the earth, hasn't got a stone...Will the Arab people stand opposed? Will it resist? [Will it insist] that...they...shall have it [all] for ever and ever, while he who has nothing shall forever have nothing?

(Caplan, Neil, Palestine Jewry and the Palestine Question, 1917-1925, Frank Cass, 1978)

Vladimir Ze'ev Jabotinsky

Soon after World War I, Zionist leaders clearly recognized the problem. David Ben Gurion told members of the Va'ad Yishuv (the temporary governing body of the Jewish community in Palestine) in June 1919:

But not everybody sees that there is no solution to this question. No solution! There is a gulf; and nothing can bridge it.... I do not know what Arab will agree that Palestine should belong to the Jews...We. as a nation,. want this country to be ours; the Arabs, as a nation, want this country to be theirs.

(Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, Knopf 1999 Page 91)

In 1923, in his Iron Wall article, Jabotinsky replied to his own question. He asserted that agreement with the Arabs was impossible, because they:

...look upon Palestine with the same instinctive love and true fervor that any Aztec looked upon his Mexico or any Sioux looked upon his prairie. To think that the Arabs will voluntarily consent to the realization of Zionism in return for the cultural and economic benefits we can bestow on them is infantile.
Jabotinsky, was initially against expulsion of the Arabs, which he was "prepared to swear, for us and our descendants, that we will never [do]". Rather in The Iron Wall, he claimed that the Jewish presence should be imposed by a strong defense that would show the Arabs that the Jews could not be forced out of Palestine. However, while The Iron Wall expressed a comprehensive philosophy, its practical background and intent were much more limited. Jabotinsky wanted the British authorities to allow the Jews to form a separate defensive force under British supervision, to combat attacks such as the riots that had occurred in 1920 and 1921. The British refused, and the Zionist organization resigned themselves to the British decision, but Jabotinsky wanted to continue with the formation of such a force. Though the Haganah defensive underground was founded in 1920 by Jabotinsky, it didn't become a major project of the Zionist movement until after the riots of 1929. These riots, and not any intrinsic aspect of Zionist ideology, were the real trigger for the birth of militant Zionism as a political force, as well as the progressively more important role played by self-defense and military prowess in Zionist thought, action and society.

Meanwhile the Arab and Jewish communities grew progressively apart. Arabs refused to participate in a Palestinian local government which gave equal representation to the Jewish minority. The British, nearly bankrupt after WW I, insisted that the mandate should be self-sufficient. Mandate services were paid for from taxes paid by the Jewish and Arab inhabitants of Palestine. Additional services were funded by philanthropists from abroad and from membership dues in various organizations. Zionist philanthropy and organization far-outstripped what Palestinian Arabs could provide. Neither Arabs nor Jews wanted integrated schools. Zionist groups funded religious, secular and labor-Zionist educational networks for Jewish children in Hebrew, but few comparable schools were set up for Arabs. The Zionists founded the Histadruth Labor federation to encompass Jewish workers, providing Hebrew education, medical care, worker-owned enterprises and cultural facilities as well as representation of labor rights. No comparable association was created by the more numerous Arabs of Palestine, though the Histadruth made some efforts to organize Arab labor beginning in 1927, and the Palestine Communist party attempted to represent both Jewish and Arab labor.

As the conflict unfolded, attitudes hardened on both sides. Some Zionist factions called for expulsion or "transfer" of Arabs "voluntarily" or otherwise. Beginning with the Husseini clan led by Hajj Amin El Husseini, the Grand Mufti, different factions of Palestinian Arabs, successively allied themselves with Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany and, after WW II with communist countries. Arab rhetoric became increasingly colored by European anti-Semitism, and adopted many of the claims and ideas of Holocaust deniers such as Roger Garaudy as well as the anti-Zionist ideology of radical Jewish intellectuals.

The conflict was intensified and complicated by the 1948 war. About 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled during the war, and Israel did not allow them to return. Many Palestinian refugees were settled in camps under miserable conditions, where they have remained for several generations. The Israeli point of view had in mind the recent convulsions of World War II, and the exchange of populations that occurred when India and Pakistan were created. Most Israelis believed the Palestinians became refugees through their own fault. Their exile was the result of the war which the Palestinians themselves had started by rejection of the UN partition plan, just as, for example, the Germans of Sudetensland, who helped instigate the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, were eventually banished as the result of their own mischief. For the Arabs of Palestine, their Nakba, or catastrophe, vindicated their fears that the Zionists were bent on dispossessing them.

Zionism and the Conflict With Britain
The British government increasingly understood that its promises to the Zionists and Mandate obligations were very unpopular in the Arab world. They split off a large part of the Palestine Mandate territory to form Transjordan and issued the Passfield White Paper that proposed limiting Jewish immigration to Palestine. The Passfield White Paper was quietly withdrawn under pressure from Zionists, from British public opinion and from the League of Nations. However, the British eventually did impose a limit on immigration. These policies turned the once-friendly British into antagonists of the Zionist movement. Labor Zionists and the Zionist Executive were in favor of moderate policies that would try to work around the British opposition to Zionism. A faction led by Ze'ev Jabotinsky believed in confronting the British and the Arabs, and if necessary, using force. In 1923, Jabotinsky split from the main Zionist movement and formed the Revisionist movement. In 1925, an Arab Revolt (The Great Uprising) broke out in Palestine, triggered by rising Jewish immigration and systematic agitation by extremists. In 1937, the British proposed tentatively to partition Palestine in the Peel report. This caused additional divisions in the Zionist movement. Some believed in a bi-national Jewish Arab state and objected to the idea, contained in the Peel recommendations, of transferring Arabs "voluntarily" out of the territory to be allotted to the Jewish state. The revisionists and religious Zionists, on the other hand, objected to giving up any part of the territory of Palestine. Subsequently the British issued the White Paper of 1939, severely limiting Jewish immigration. The Arab revolt and the reaction to it crystallized the Zionist ethos of self-defense and emphasis on military service. The Revisionists formed the Irgun underground army, which attacked British soldiers and administrators and perpetrated terror attacks against Arabs in retaliation for Arab attacks on Jews. Atrocities committed by the Arabs, as well as counter-terror by Jewish groups, inculcated in both Jews and Arabs the idea that any means at all may be used against the enemy, even though the Hagannah officially maintained a military ethic of "purity of arms" - forbidding needless violence. The Arab revolt and the Peel report also legitimized, to some extent, the idea of "transfer," and solidified and entrenched the idea that conflict between Arabs and Jews in Palestine was inevitable.

The Zionists, attempting to rescue Jews from the Nazis, organized illegal immigration. The Revisionist Zionist movement began to organize immigration, both legal (with certificates) and illegal, in 1937, from Austria, and later from the free city of Danzig. At least 20,000 Jews were saved in this way. The Jewish agency opposed illegal immigration until the promulgation of the British White Paper of 1939, which stopped Jewish immigration. Thereafter, they founded and supported the Mossad l'aliya Bet ("B immigration institution") to bring immigrants from abroad. This operated between 1939 and 1942, when a tightened British blockade and stricter controls in occupied Europe made it impractical, and again between 1945 and 1948. Rickety boats full of refugees tried to reach Palestine. Additionally, there were private initiatives, an initiative by the Nazis to deport Jews and an initiative by the US to save European Jews. Many of the ships sank or were caught by the British or the Nazis and turned back, or shipped to Mauritius or other destinations for internment. The Patria (also called "Patra") contained immigrants offloaded from three other ships, for transshipment to the island of Mauritius. To prevent transshipment, the Haganah placed a small explosive charge on the ship on November 25, 1940. They thought the charge would damage the engines. Instead, the ship sank, and over 250 lives were lost. A few weeks later, the SS Bulgaria docked in Haifa with 350 Jewish refugees and was ordered to return to Bulgaria. The Bulgaria capsized in the Turkish straits, killing 280. The Struma, a vessel that had left Constanta in Rumania with about 769 refugees, got to Istanbul on December 16, 1941. There, it was forced to undergo repairs of its engine and leaking hull. The Turks would not grant the refugees sanctuary. The British would not approve transshipment to Mauritius or entry to Palestine. On February 24, 1942, the Turks ordered the Struma out of the harbor. It sank with the loss of 428 men, 269 women and 70 children. Apparently, it had been torpedoed by a Soviet submarine, either because it was mistaken for a Nazi ship, or more likely, because the Soviets had agreed to collaborate with the British in barring Jewish immigration. Illegal immigration continued until late in the war, apparently without the participation of the Mossad l'aliya Bet. The illegal immigrant Mefkure, organized with the help of the United States government, was sunk by a Soviet submarine in 1944. Despite the many setbacks, tens of thousands of Jews were saved by the illegal immigration.

To circumvent British regulations against creating new settlements, the Zionists initiated the "stockade and tower" ("homa umigdal") program, that allowed overnight creation of a new "settlement," consisting of a wall and watch tower. Under the law, the British could not destroy such an 'established' settlement.

Reports of Nazi atrocities became increasingly frequent and vivid. Despite the desperate need to find a haven for refugees, the doors of Palestine remained shut to Jewish immigration. The Zionist leadership met in the Biltmore Hotel in New York City in 1942 and declared that it supported the establishment of Palestine as a "Jewish Commonwealth." This was not simply a return to the Balfour declaration repudiated by the British White Paper, but rather a restatement of Zionist aims that went beyond the Balfour declaration, and a determination that the British were in principle, an enemy to be fought, rather than an ally. This was a defeat for the left-wing party of the Labor Zionists, Mapam, who wanted a bi-national Zionist state, and for Chaim Weizmann, who opposed confrontation with the British and favored partition. The Revisionists rejoined the Zionist movement, but were still called "dissidents" and did not merge their underground armies, the Irgun and the Lehi (also called the "Stern Gang") into the Hagannah defense organization of the mainstream Zionists.

On November 6, 1944, members of the Lehi underground Eliyahu Hakim and Eliyahu Bet Zuri assassinated Lord Moyne in Cairo. Moyne, a known anti-Zionist, was in charge of carrying out the terms of the 1939 White Paper. The assassination turned Winston Churchill against the Zionists. The Jewish Agency and Zionist Executive believed that British and world reaction to the assassination of Lord Moyne could jeopardize cooperation after the war, that had been hinted at by the British, and might endanger the Jewish Yishuv if they came to be perceived as enemies of Britain and the allies. Therefore they embarked on a campaign against the Lehi and Irgun, known in Hebrew as the "Sezon" ("Season"). Members of the underground were to be ostracized. Leaders were caught by the Hagannah, interrogated and sometimes tortured, and about a thousand persons were turned over to the British.

Following World War II, Britain continued to limit Jewish immigration to Palestine. The Zionist factions united and conducted an underground war against the British, as well as applying pressure on the British government through the United States. In June of 1947, the British rammed the Jewish illegal immigrant ship Exodus (formerly "President Warfield") on the high seas. They towed it to Haifa where it was the subject of extensive publicity, generating public sympathy for the Zionist cause. The passengers were eventually disembarked in Hamburg. The incident set world, and particularly US, opinion against the British, and caused the British to intern illegal immigrants thereafter in Cyprus, rather than attempting to return them to Europe. On November 29, 1947, the United Nations voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states. The Arabs did not accept the partition plan, and a war broke out. The state of Israel was established on May 14, 1948. The civil war that took place beginning on December 1, 1947, between Arab and Jewish Palestinians, and the subsequent invasion of the state of Israel by Arab States on May 15 1948, shaped the ideological development of Zionism, and the conflict and propaganda surrounding the Arab invasion of Israel and subsequent refusal to recognize the state, as well the Arab Palestinian refugee that was created, shaped the perception of Zionism in the Arab world and in the West. (See 1948 Israel War of Independence (1948 Arab-Israeli war) Timeline (Chronology) and Israel War of Independence)

Click this link for information about President Harry S. Truman and US Support for Creation of Israel

Labor Zionism vs Revisionism - After independence, the Labor Zionist movement became, for many years, the leading political force in Israel. Mapai (Miflegeth Poalei Eretz Yisrael - the party of the workers of the land of Israel) party led by David Ben-Gurion and his successors held power continuously until 1977. The Zionist movement had split when Jabotinsky led the revisionists out of the Zionist organization in the 1930s. The Zionist executive was led by Labor Zionism under David Ben-Gurion. Revisionists and Labor Zionists had separate underground armies. Revisionists and Labor Zionists cooperated against British after World War II. However, the "Sezon" in 1944-45, the massacre perpetrated at Deir Yassin by the Revisionists in April 1948, and the subsequent sinking of the "Altalena" Irgun arms ship by the Israeli government, as well as numerous smaller incidents, helped to deepen the split between mainstream Labor Zionism and Revisionist Zionism. Begin, the leader of the Revisionist Zionists, was distrusted by Ben-Gurion and viewed a dangerous extremist. It was not until the 6-day war in 1967 in 1967 that revisionists were allowed to participate in a government coalition.

David Ben-Gurion

Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism is often defined as "opposition to the existence of Israel," but that definition is a historical distortion and probably detracts from understanding the nature of anti-Zionism and its diverse ideological roots. It is true that anti-Zionists are necessarily opposed to the existence of a Jewish state, but it is not the essence of their ideology. Anti-Zionism existed long before there was a Jewish state and long before the Zionist movement formally adopted the goal of founding an independent Jewish state in 1942. Anti-Zionists were and are opposed to Zionism for a variety of reasons. Assimilationist Jews denied that there is a "Jewish people." Marxists admitted that there is a separate Jewish group, but believed that it is undesirable to perpetuate its existence (see Marxist anti-Semitism The Jewish Bund and Anti-Zionism ).

. Marx's views of Judaism are more or less indistinguishable from those of anti-Semites. In "A World Without Jews," Marx wrote,

The bill of exchange is the real god of the Jew. His god is only an illusory bill of exchange.

The Jew is perpetually created by civil society from its own entrails.

The chimerical nationality of the Jew is the nationality of of the merchant, of the man of money in general.

Contempt for theory, art, history, and for man as an end in himself, which is contained in an abstract form in the Jewish religion

We recognize in Judaism, therefore, a general anti-social element of the present time, an element which through historical development -- to which in this harmful respect the Jews have zealously contributed.

Ultra-orthodox Jews are anti-Zionist because, while they recognize the existence of the Jewish people, they believe that redemption of the Jews must come through the agency of the Messiah rather than through any actions of the Jews, and that certainly it cannot come about through the agency of a non-religious political organization such as Zionism. (See Jews Against Zionism - the Neturei Karta Jewish anti-Zionism Anti-Zionism of Orthodox and establishment Judaism

Arab nationalists are anti-Zionists because Zionism conflicted with their nationalism, though Feisal himself envisaged cooperation with the Zionists.

Zionism was popular among Jewish people as a movement they might support with money or at political meetings. However, few, especially in Western countries, thought of coming to Palestine or Israel until the latter decades of the twentieth century, except when in danger of persecution. Palestine was too far, economically backward and dangerous to draw many immigrants. Nonetheless, non-Zionist groups like Alliance Israelite Universelle and many others helped Zionist efforts in Palestine and joined the Jewish Agency for Palestine.

Jews who sought to assimilate in their own countries claimed that they were loyal citizens of a different faith, sometimes styling themselves "of the Mosaic persuasion" as did early reform Jews (see Reform Jewish anti-Zionism )They felt that the Zionist movement and the concept of a "Jewish People" would raise questions about their own loyalty, and they resented the fact that Zionists often spoke as though they represented all Jews. This movement was particularly prevalent in Germany, where Jews were staunch supporters of German nationalism. Valuable insight into the prevailing ideologies of the time can be gained from Amos Elon's book, "The Pity of it All" (Henry Holt, 2002) which chronicles the tragic history of German Jewry. At one point, the reform Jewish movement went so far as to systematically remove all references to the Holy Land and Jerusalem from their liturgy. A large segment of ultraorthodox Jews were displeased by the secular ideas that dominated Zionism, and insisted that the rebuilding of Israel must await the coming of the messiah. In Europe, the agitation of assimilationist and ultraorthodox Jews helped to actively block Zionist rescue efforts in the 1930s, when it began to be apparent that Nazism would soon make Europe very dangerous for Jews. Jewish communists were and are opposed to Zionism because Marxism posited the disappearance of the Jews as a historic anomaly, once international atheistic communism triumphed over nationalist particularism, and religion, the opium of the people, died out. In the USSR, as part of his "nationalities" policy, which assimilated or murdered numerous national groups, Stalin tried to handle the Jewish problem by creating an autonomous Jewish republic in the wastelands of Birobidjan. This project was never supported very seriously and was later abandoned. Though the USSR supported the creation of the state of Israel, Stalin was opposed to Zionism inside Russia and the USSR suppressed Zionist activities and at times persecuted Jews as well as Zionists.

Most religious Jews and the reform movement, initially anti-Zionist, reconciled themselves with Jewish state, after the Holocaust seemed to bear out the basic thesis that Jews required a homeland of their own and would not necessarily be safe even in the best circumstances, and after creation of Israel proved that Zionist aspirations could become a reality. Success has many fathers. Nonetheless, anti-Zionist ideologies and their representatives persist among religious groups such as the ultraorthodox Neturei Karta and writers such as Noam Chomsky.

This ideological opposition to Zionism later dovetailed with the anti-Israel cold-war politics of the Soviet Union and the Arab antagonism to Israel, as well as with anti-Semitism. Retrospectively, communist ideologues pegged Zionism as a colonialist ideology bent on exploiting and dispossessing the native inhabitants of Palestine, and creating an apartheid colonialist fascist Jewish state. In 1975, a pro-Soviet and pro-Arab majority in the UN passed General Assembly Resolution 3397, branding Zionism as racism. The resolution was repealed in 1991, but similar sentiments were repeated at a conference of non-government organizations in Durban, South Africa in 2001. The rationale for this idea is that Zionism is a colonialist movement that assumes that the racial superiority of the Jews gives them the right to dispossess the Arabs of Palestine. However, Zionist ideology is not based on racial notions and didn't assume superiority of the Jews. Zionist theorists assumed that the Jews are socially inferior and "abnormal" because they did not have a national home. The "abnormal" Diaspora character of Jews would be corrected when the people returned to their own land, realized their right to self-determination and renewed their nation existence. Zionists believe that the Jewish right to the land is based on ancient historical links, not racial superiority. Some Zionists see the Arabs as usurpers, just as the Arabs see the Zionists as usurpers. As the conflict between Arab and Jew escalated, some Zionists favored voluntary or not so voluntary transfer to remove the Arabs, and others seem to have thought the Arabs could be wished away. However, Zionism as an ideology did not posit dispossession of the Arabs.

It is undeniable that early Zionist leaders used the language and rhetoric of colonialism and established organizations with names like "The Jewish Colonial Trust." In part, this reflects the influence of the 19th century European cultural milieu, when colonialism was a perfectly acceptable concept. In part, it reflects efforts of Zionist leaders to sell leaders of the great powers on the idea of supporting a Jewish colonization scheme that would support German or British or French interests in the Middle East. The Socialist-Zionist movement certainly did not see themselves as colonialists and were opposed to colonialism and imperialism, nor did the USSR originally oppose Zionism on the basis that it is a colonialist movement.

Anti-Semitic writers identify Zionism with the spurious program enunciated in the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion," a nineteenth century forgery of the Russian secret police, and insist that Zionists are intent on taking over the world.. A related notion, perhaps inspired by the writings of Najib Azouri, is that Zionism insists on expanding the Jewish state to the borders promised in the Old Testament - the Nile and Tigris Euphrates rivers. Though there are at present some religious and nationalist extremists in Israel who want such borders, Zionism never had any such program. Early Zionists did not always envision a national home in the Middle East, and "Palestine" did not exist as a political entity before 1922. The map of Zionist borders presented by Zionists to the Paris conference in 1919 was somewhat larger than modern Israel. It covered parts of what are now Jordan and Lebanon and Syria, ending just west of the Damascus-Hejaz railway. However, this optimistic (from the Zionist point of view) proposal was a bargaining position, had little to do with biblical promises, and did not reflect any deep seated ideology.

Zionism After the Establishment of the State of Israel
The Zionist organization has continued to function after the establishment of the Jewish state. It has helped to bring millions of new immigrants to Israel, encourages the teaching of Hebrew and Jewish culture abroad, lobbies for Israel with the US and other governments, and rallies support to Israel in times of crisis. However, in Israel, "Zionism" became somewhat of a pejorative, associated with government propaganda, super-patriotism and regimentation. The Labor Zionist movement, that had founded the state, eventually found itself in a minority, replaced in large part by more militant religious Zionists and the Likud party, which inherited the mantle of revisionism, carried on by a Begin after the death of Ze'ev Jabotinsky.

Zionism and the 6-day War- The 6-day war, which resulted in a dramatic victory for Israel, had a profound affect on the attitude of Jews in Israel and abroad to Zionism and Israel. The war and lightning victory taught many Arabs that Israel was here to stay, and in fact, it did the same for Jews. In Israel, it lifted the populace out of the doldrums of economic stagnation and frustration, and gave them renewed faith in the Zionist idea and the state. Abroad, the war had a more profound effect. The United States and Canada held the largest concentration of Jews outside the USSR. The vast majority of American Jews had looked upon Israel benignly and condescendingly as a refuge for persecuted Jews, and as a charitable cause that they would support with the same feelings of superiority that they supported their less fortunate relatives in Europe. Among secular American Jews, Zionism was regarded as the aberration of misfits and dreamers, somewhat as it had been at the beginning of the twentieth century. The state of Israel, had after-all been founded and Zionism had therefore "accomplished its purpose," they felt. They had seen the penniless immigrants, the wretched of the earth, arriving in the displaced-persons refuge called Israel with their pitiful bundles and strange clothing, coming off the gangplanks of ships in Haifa on newsreels. This was all very well for those poor unfortunates, who needed a place to live, but surely, it could have nothing to do with them or their lives, living in the United States or Canada and building their futures there. As an ideology, Zionism threatened their own sense of identity as Americans perhaps, or even worse, threatened to take their sons and daughters to a far-away land.

The ultra-orthodox Hassidic Jews were opposed to the Zionist state, or at best neutral. The focus of religious Zionism was the dovish Mizrachi movement, whose representatives in the Israeli government, the National Religious Party (NRP) had opposed the war.All this changed rapidly in June of 1967. Israel became a source of pride for most Jews. They all wanted to be partners in this successful enterprise and to claim pride of ownership. Socialists came to volunteer in kibbutzim. Capitalists brought investment capital. Willing donors were found for the beautification and revitalization of Jerusalem. The NRP began to mobilize to settle and retain the conquered territories. Ultra-orthodox rabbis who did not recognize the Zionist state, nonetheless issued injunctions against returning any part of the "liberated" "holy land."

Zionism and Occupation - For many people in Israel and abroad, "Zionism" came to imply support for the settlement of Jews in the territories occupied by Israel in the 6-day war. It assumed a very negative connotation for those who oppose the occupation. The word "Zionism" in the sense of support for settlers is used both by right wing Zionist extremists, and by anti-Zionists. Right wing Zionist extremists insist that withdrawal from the occupied territories will mean the "end of Zionism." Anti-Zionists insist that "expansionism" is part of Zionist ideology. Historically, this view does not seem to have ideological support, since "Greater Israel" was the ideology of the breakaway religious movement created after 1967, and was never the ideology of mainstream Zionism except perhaps for a few decades following the Six Day war. Messianism was part of proto-Zionism, but the Zionist movement was pragmatic in all that it said and did. Expansionism became popular as a result of historical accidents, and not because of ideology. The territory that might be allotted to the Jewish state shrank during the British mandate, creating a sort of irredentism. Rather than being friendly neighbors, it became apparent that the Arab countries would be hostile, generating a desire for "strategic depth" to protect against invasion. It was easy for Israeli governments to say they would return territories for peace, and at the same continue to build Greater Israel, since peace or anything approaching it appeared to be a remote abstraction.

A part of the religious Zionist movement grafted itself on to the temporary realities created after the 6 day war, and evolved a radical messianic ideology. They insisted that they, and only they, represent the "real" Zionism. A quiet coup had transformed Zionism. Unfortunately, a considerable part of the world took them at their word. The image of Zionism in the world was transformed from that of a progressive movement of liberation to a movement of fanatics who wanted to create a religious state and disenfranchise a native population.

Disillusionment and Zionist Counter-Revolution - However, the dream of Greater Israel collided with hard realities. If the conquered territories were kept, the Arabs of Palestine would soon be a majority between the river and the sea, making a democratic Jewish state impossible. Tens of thousands of IDF soldiers were needed to guard 8,000 settlers against Palestinian terrorism in Gaza. Israelis were confronted with images of Zionist soldiers destroying houses, uprooting trees and killing children as "collateral damage." This was not the Zionism of the school books. Messianism and wishful thinking aside, the state created by flesh and blood was faced with the facts of Palestinian demography, military necessity, humanitarian values and international commitments.

The resolution of this conflict within Zionism is unfolding before our eyes. It has created an earthquake in Israeli politics, splitting the ruling Likud party, and it has generated a counter-revolution in Zionism that is overthrowing the coup of the Greater Israel supporters. Israel withdrew from Gaza, but Zionism did not end. IDF and Israel police used force to destroy an illegal outpost, but Zionism survived that too. The changes do not come without a price. A residue of the religious Zionist movement have become embittered anti-Zionists who fight against the state. The transformation is not yet complete. (see commentaries: The real self-hating Jews: the paradoxical tragedy of extremists and Avram Burg on the future of Religious Zionism )

Post-Zionism - Beginning in the 1980s, some Israeli historians and sociologists began to question facts about the official history of Israel and Zionism, as well as the Zionist ideology. They reasoned that Zionism had accomplished its purpose in creating the Jewish state, and that now it was time to move on. They posited that Israel and the Zionists had a large share of the blame for the animosity between Jews and Arabs, and had in fact, ignored the existence of the Arabs in Palestine and then dispossessed the Palestinians by force. This reasoning was supported by new histories, that talked frankly about less savory aspects of Israeli history that had been previously ignored. The new historians made a case that at least part of Zionism had always envisioned expulsion or transfer of the Arabs, and described massacres and expulsions which took place in 1948, often claiming that these were part of a deliberate policy. The historians claimed that these new facts were revealed by declassified archives. In fact, the most important facts supposedly "revealed" by the new historians were known to all Israelis who wanted to know them, though perhaps not in detail, and not presented in the particular way that new historians presented them. Facts can be interpreted in different ways. The ideas behind the facts, called by some "post-Zionism," do not necessarily form a coherent ideology and their practitioners do not generally see themselves as members of a movement or followers of a distinct philosophy. Some "post-Zionists" like Ilan Pappe are indistinguishable from anti-Zionists, while others, like Benny Morris, use the same facts to arrive at very different conclusions that might support a militant Zionist ideology. Post-Zionism attained a wide popularity for a while, but fell into eclipse after peace negotiations between Palestinians and Israel failed and violence flared up in September of 2000.

Ami Isseroff

Some Related Materials at MidEastWeb

See here for details about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and History of Israel and Palestine.

Labor Zionism and Socialist Zionism

Brief History of Israel and Palestine - Overview of Zionism and details of Israeli-Palestinian history.

British Zionism - British movement to restore the Jewish People to their Homeland

Jew, Zionism and Talmud

Population of Palestine before 1948

President Harry S. Truman and US Support for Creation of Israel

The Growth of Palestinian Identity

Biography - Shimon Peres
Biography - Yitzhak Rabin
Biography - Ariel Sharon

Books about Zionism

1942: The Biltmore Program - The 1939 British White Paper had closed Palestine to Jewish immigration, trapping millions of Jews in Nazi occupied Europe. Zionist leaders met in the Biltmore Hotel in New York, and declared their support for a Jewish Commonwealth and renewed immigration, in open defiance of the British mandatory authorities.

1923: Vladimir Jabotinsky: The Iron Wall - This essay was published by the head of the Zionist Revisionist movement, Vladimir (Ze'ev) Jabotinsky in 1923. In reaction to riots that had occurred in 1920 and 1921. It called for an independent, legal Jewish defense force, a Jewish Legion in Palestine, which Jabotinsky referred to as an "Iron Wall."

1922: The British Mandate for Palestine - The League of Nations Mandate giving Great Britain control of Palestine for the purpose of making a Jewish national home there.

1919: Statement of the Zionist Organization to the Paris Peace Conference - The Zionist organization presented this statement at the Paris peace conference, outlining the Zionist position regarding Palestine, and supporting the British proposal for a mandate that would create a Jewish national home, in line with the Balfour Declaration . The statement provides a great deal of background regarding the position of various Zionist groups and foreign governments, and gives proposed borders for the Palestine mandate as well as proposals for organization of the Palestine government.

1917: Balfour Declaration - The "letter" from Lord Balfour to Lord Rothschild, declaring that the British government "view with favor" the establishment of a Jewish National Home in Palestine. This was to be the basis of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine, granted to Great Britain.

1897: Program of the First Zionist Congress - Theodore Herzl organized the first Zionist Congress in Basle, Switzerland in 1897. Prior to the Congress, Zionist activities had been initiated by several different groups such as Hovevei Zion (lovers of Zion) with no central direction or political program. The Basle Congress was the foundation of a mass Zionist movement.

1897: Max Nordau - Opening Address at the first Zionist congress.

1896: The Jewish State, by Theodore Herzl - This book became, essentially, the program of the Zionist movement and the embodiment of its common ideology. Complete downloadable source, with a historical preface.

1882: Auto-Emancipation by Leon Pinsker - This early Zionist pamphlet was written by Leon Pinsker after violent pogroms in Russia.

1799 - Napoleon's Proclamation of a Jewish State - In this stillborn proclamation, Napoleon offered the Jews a state in Palestine under French protection. This was the first of many such nineteenth century projects for restoration of the Jews in Palestine.

Additional documents about Israel, Zionism, and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict are here

External Zionism Links
Please note that we are NOT responsible for content of external links.

Additional source documents about Zionism

Maps of Israel at Zionism & Israel

Christian Zionism at Zionism & Israel

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Zionism, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict at Zionism and Israel Information Center No Frames version of Zionism and Israel Dictionary

Photo Gallery of Zionism and Israel

Article: Zionism and its Impact at Zionism & Israel

Zionist and Israeli Biography

Definitions of Zionism at Zionism & Israel

Timeline of Zionism and the Creation of Israel

Palestine-Israel Procon - Balanced examination of Middle East Issues

Zionism and Israel on the Web - Zionist presentation of Issues, advocacy and history

Zionism and Israel Pages

Wikipedia article about Zionism - A comprehensive and fairly balanced article including the history of Zionism as well as links to specific topics and articles about anti-Zionism.

Zionism - Definition, History Policies

Zionism - Table of contents at the Jewish Virtual Library

The US Library of Congress has a comprehensive and balanced set of articles about Zionism

Zionist Precursors - US Library of Congress

Political Zionism - US Library of Congress

Cultural Zionism - US Library of Congress

Labor Zionism - US Library of Congress

Revisionist Zionism - US Library of Congress

Centenary of Zionism - Detailed History and biographies at the Israel Ministry of Information.

What is Zionism?

Chaim Herzog's Address regarding the Zionism is Racism resolution

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Please feel free to copy all links on this page to your Web site, but do not copy the text of the Zionism article.

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David Icke ☼ They Dare Not Speak Its Name ... ROTHSCHILD ZIONISM

2011-02-20T10:08:00.000-05:00

GRAPHIC VIDEO: Iraq Soldier Discusses His "Kills"

2011-02-20T09:41:00.000-05:00

What Really Happens in Iraq. WARNING: Graphic Images

2011-02-20T09:39:00.000-05:00

UN DU Resolution

2011-02-20T09:16:00.001-05:00

The resolution, the third on the issue since 2007, has been submitted on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. It has been inspired by ongoing concerns that at least 400,000kg of depleted uranium remain unaccounted for in Iraq, and worries over the use of the weapons in other conflicts. Previous texts in 2007and 2008 established that DU has the potential to damage human health and called on UN institutions to update their research on the matter. Reports submitted to the UN Secretary General in response to 2008’s resolution and published last month (see PDF summary below) indicate that the World Health Organisation (WHO) is yet to complete its review of recent scientific research. Meanwhile a submission by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called for a precautionary approach to the use of the weapons. This was their strongest statement to date. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) once again downplayed the risks from DU and claimed that simple countermeasures could deal with contaminated sites. This is at odds with the findings of ICBUW’s recent report on the Balkans A Question of Responsibility, which found that managing contaminated sites demands technical expertise and can be disproportionately expensive. "The passage of this modest resolution would help send a message to DU users at a time when global concern about the long-term impact of these weapons is growing," said an ICBUW spokesperson. "That the UK has engaged with the UN on transparency and capacity building in Iraq following the 2003 conflict indicates that DU users can, and should, accept an obligation to the countries that they use these weapons in. We hope that this may be a first small step towards facilitating the monitoring, decontamination and research on civilian populations that is so urgently required." Voting on the resolution in the First Committee will take place sometime between the 26th October and the 1st November. If passed, the text will then move to the General Assembly for a second round of voting at the end of November. The last resolution passed by a huge majority and was supported by 141 states with 36 abstentions. Only four states voted against – the US, UK, France and Israel. The text represents a good opportunity for parliamentarians, groups and individuals to lobby their governments to build support for the draft. For help and advice on lobbying your government, please contact ICBUW.

U.S.-Bahrain Relations

2011-02-19T00:38:00.000-05:00

U.S. relations with Bahrain have been focused on defense over the past decade, but
relations are broadening on economic issues and political reform.
Defense Cooperation. In large part to keep powerful neighbors in check, Bahrain
has long linked its security to the United States. February 1998 marked the 50th
anniversary of a U.S. naval command presence in Bahrain; MIDEASTFOR (U.S. Middle
East Force), its successor, NAVCENT (naval component of U.S. Central Command), and
the Fifth Fleet (reconstituted in June 1995) have been headquartered there. The Fifth
Fleet headquarters is a command facility that, after a pending expansion, will cover over 100 acres. About 3,000 U.S. personnel, mostly Navy (but from several different
commands) work there; fewer than half live on the compound. Some smaller U.S. ships
(minesweepers) are docked there, but the port facility is too shallow to handle aircraft carriers. The headquarters currently coordinates the operations of over 30 U.S. warships performing support missions for U.S. operations in Iraq war (securing Iraqi oil platforms) and anti-terrorism missions to prevent the seaborne movement of Al Qaeda or other terrorists, as well as arms or weapons of mass destruction (WMD)-related technology, across the Arabian Sea. Most of these U.S. operations are in partnership with ships from nations contributing to the Iraq war (Britain, Italy, Australia, Canada, and Singapore) and the U.S.-led stabilization operations in Afghanistan (including ships from Germany, France, and Pakistan). According to U.S. commanders in Bahrain, the maritime mission is increasingly expanding into maritime narcotics interdiction as well. During the 1990s, the U.S.-led Multinational Interdiction Force (MIF), which enforced a U.N. embargo on Iraq, was run out of the headquarters.

US vs UN on Israeli settlements - Opinion - Al Jazeera English

2011-02-18T23:00:00.000-05:00

The most important news of the day;
US vs UN on Israeli settlements - Opinion - Al Jazeera English

A Poem: The Very Rich Want Us to Die

2011-02-18T21:30:00.000-05:00

Al Qaeda Doesn't Exist (Documentary) - 1

2011-02-18T21:13:00.000-05:00

Brzezinski on the Afghan war Pt1

2011-02-18T20:45:00.000-05:00

Afghanistan: The CIA's Biggest War

2011-02-18T20:31:00.000-05:00

The CIA, Terrorist Organizations, and Freedom of Speech

2011-02-18T19:35:00.000-05:00

Rage Against the Machine - Killing in the Name (Live)

2011-02-18T19:21:00.000-05:00

Cant say we didnt see this one coming: Check the date on this vid; MIR: Yemen - A Powder Keg Ready to Explode

2011-02-18T11:04:00.000-05:00

U.S. Behind "Peoples Revolts" in Middle-East?

2011-02-07T21:09:00.013-05:00

The first clew as to whether or not the U.S. was involved in the uprisings in Egypt was the alleged failure of U.S. intelligence to "see it coming," particularly since it was planned weeks in advance on the internet through social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. There is only one reason I can think of that U.S. intell didnt share the knowledge that revolts were planned is because they were the ones stirring them up covertly and were figuring the less said about them the better; http://hotair.com/archives/2011/02/04/us-intel-missed-tunisia-egypt-uprisings/
Either that or they are just really really stoopit, and all of the hard-earned taxpayer monies we are spending on "National Security" is a joke,.....and is just a way to make our corporate sponsors rich(er.)

The second clew was learning that Israel was "mad" at Eqypts current regime, accusing them of failing to keep their promices to better control "Hama's,"...the ruling party in Palistine; check out this Bush era vid; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_vklOru54s

What better way to remove a leader in a hurry than to cause his people to revolt against him (demanding he step down immediately)so that you could put a new leader in that was more sympathetic to Israel, such as is happening there now, with Omar Suleiman, Egypts former Chief Intelligence Office and long time friend of Israel being appointed as Egypts new VP, an office created just for him by Egypts President Mubarak;
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/29/omar-suleiman-egypt-vice-_n_815805.html

Of course, the people are calling for Mubarak's immediate ouster NOW, but the U.S. is calling for a gradual transition and is asking for patience and advising all to proceed with caution; http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/02/07/is-caution-the-right-us-strategy-on-egypt/an-illusory-arab-stability?smid=tw-roomfordebate
Of course "we" need time to hand-pick a new regime that will "work well" with Israel & US and that the common-folk cause will abide...

Not saying,....but anythings possible. Just puttin it out there as food for thought,...maybe "we" were involved..

Someone else thinking about the possibility, presenting also some new evidence;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yC3XUJvesTY

Background on the organization of the revolt, its people,parties and events; http://www.thenation.com/blog/158159/whos-behind-egypts-revol
t

Peter Gabriels Human Rights Violation "Witness" Program

2011-02-05T20:30:00.001-05:00

http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/showbiz/2011/02/01/natpkg.witness.peter.gabriel.cnn.html

The REAL Rogue Nuclear State

2011-02-04T19:11:00.000-05:00

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLSlmLx4Fls

Obomba's War

2011-02-03T23:00:00.000-05:00

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/obamaswar/view/?utm_campaign=viewpage&utm_medium=grid&utm_source=grid

Jews Against Zionism

2011-02-03T10:58:00.000-05:00

http://www.aztlan.net/jews_against_zionism.htm

Project Amigos

2011-02-03T10:54:00.000-05:00

http://www.aztlan.net/project_amigos.htm

BOMBSHELL: Underwear Bomber a Govt Plant, Trial Witnesses Say

2011-02-02T21:27:00.001-05:00

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gu5l7a7dgP4&feature=player_embedded#

Washinton Rules; Americas Path to Permanent War

2011-01-30T22:34:00.000-05:00

An MIT Lecture; http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/822

America on the LAM

2011-01-30T11:47:00.000-05:00

Liberate America Movement; NO Support to Oppressive Regimes !http://lalqila.wordpress.com/category/american-and-european-support-of-israeli-oppressive-regime/

The Dictator

2011-01-29T09:54:00.001-05:00

Voice from the grave to remind US; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pR98TQVnCQc&feature=player_embedded

Largest Rocket Ever Launched From West Coast Blasts Off With Secret Payload

2011-01-27T04:33:00.001-05:00

http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre70k06z-us-rocket-launch/

USA Created DU Babies

2011-01-26T05:18:00.000-05:00

http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/cgi-bin/blogs/voices.php/2006/04/29/p7926

MISSING LINKS: The Definative TRUTH about 9/11

2011-01-26T05:16:00.000-05:00

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YResfXTXd1c

War is a Racket

2011-01-26T03:44:00.001-05:00

Always was, always will be; http://joecobb.com/classics/war-is-a-racket/

Beyond Treason

2011-01-25T04:47:00.000-05:00

Expendable soldiers (arent they all?)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNa3kiynQfw&feature=related

USDA Favoring Military - Comes Up With Comprehensive Plans

2011-01-25T00:47:00.002-05:00

To keep them and their families well fed, healthy and educated. Isnt that wonderful of them? Wouldnt it be nice if they could do something like this for ALL American families?

http://www.iowapolitics.com/index.iml?Article=224311

The Timor Conspiracy

2011-01-19T06:57:00.001-05:00

http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/timor-conspiracy/

The Real Reason for Our Incessant Wars

2011-01-13T20:59:00.010-05:00

In 1998, Dick Cheney, former US vice-president but then chief executive of a major oil services company, remarked: "I cannot think of a time when we have had a region emerge as suddenly to become as strategically significant as the Caspian." But the oil and gas there is worthless until it is moved. The only route which makes both political and economic sense is through Afghanistan." [Guardian]

IT'S ALL ABOUT OIL & GAS!

1998 Unocal Statement: (Who they are) http://www.sourcewatch.org/wiki.phtml?title=Unocal

Suspension of activities related to proposed
natural gas pipeline across Afghanistan

As a result of sharply deteriorating political conditions in the region, Unocal, which serves as the development manager for the Central Asia Gas (CentGas) pipeline consortium, has suspended all activities involving the proposed pipeline project in Afghanistan.

From the 1998 Congressional Record.
Emphasis added to text.

U.S. INTERESTS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN
REPUBLICS HEARING BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
OF THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

ONE HUNDRED FIFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION
FEBRUARY 12, 1998

Next we would like to hear from Mr. John J. Maresca, vice president of international relations, Unocal Corporation. You may proceed as you wish.

STATEMENT OF JOHN J. MARESCA, VICE
PRESIDENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, UNOCAL CORPORATION

Mr. Maresca. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. It's nice to see you again. I am John Maresca, vice president for international relations of the Unocal Corporation. Unocal, as you know, is one of the world's leading energy resource and project development companies. I appreciate your invitation to speak here today. I believe these hearings are important and timely. I congratulate you for focusing on Central Asia oil and gas reserves and the role they play in shaping U.S. policy.

I would like to focus today on three issues. First, the need for multiple pipeline routes for Central Asian oil and gas resources. Second, the need for U.S. support for international and regional efforts to achieve balanced and lasting political settlements to the conflicts in the region, including Afghanistan. Third, the need for structured assistance to encourage economic reforms and the development of appropriate investment climates in the region. In this regard, we specifically support repeal or removal of section 907 of the Freedom Support Act. (sanctions)

Mr. Chairman, the Caspian region contains tremendous untapped hydrocarbon reserves. Just to give an idea of the scale, proven natural gas reserves equal more than 236 trillion cubic feet. The region's total oil reserves may well reach more than 60 billion barrels of oil. Some estimates are as high as 200 billion barrels. In 1995, the region was producing only 870,000 barrels per day. By 2010, western companies could increase production to about 4.5 million barrels a day, an increase of more than 500 percent in only 15 years. If this occurs, the region would represent about 5percent of the world's total oil production.

One major problem has yet to be resolved: how to get the region's vast energy resources to the markets where they are needed. Central Asia is isolated. Their natural resources are land locked, both geographically and politically. Each of the countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia faces difficult political challenges. Some have unsettled wars or latent conflicts. Others have evolving systems where the laws and even the courts are dynamic and changing. In addition, a chief technical obstacle which we in the industry face in transporting oil is the region's existing pipeline infrastructure.

Because the region's pipelines were constructed during the Moscow-centered Soviet period, they tend to head north and west toward Russia. There are no connections to the south and east. But Russia is currently unlikely to absorb large new quantities of foreign oil. It's unlikely to be a significant market for new energy in the next decade. It lacks the capacity to deliver it to other markets.

Two major infrastructure projects are seeking to meet the need for additional export capacity. One, under the aegis of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium, plans to build a pipeline west from the northern Caspian to the Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiysk. Oil would then go by tanker through the Bosporus to the Mediterranean and world markets.

The other project is sponsored by the Azerbaijan International Operating Company, a consortium of 11 foreign oil companies, including four American companies, Unocal, Amoco, Exxon and Pennzoil. This consortium conceives of two possible routes, one line would angle north and cross the north Caucasus to Novorossiysk. The other route would cross Georgia to a shipping terminal on the Black Sea. This second route could be extended west and south across Turkey to the Mediterranean port of Ceyhan.

But even if both pipelines were built, they would not have enough total capacity to transport all the oil expected to flow from the region in the future. Nor would they have the capability to move it to the right markets. Other export pipelines must be built.

At Unocal, we believe that the central factor in planning these pipelines should be the location of the future energy markets that are most likely to need these new supplies. Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, and the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union are all slow growth markets where demand will grow at only a half a percent to perhaps 1.2 percent per year during the period 1995 to 2010.

Asia is a different story all together. It will have a rapidly increasing energy consumption need. (Emerging Markets) Prior to the recent turbulence in the Asian Pacific economies, we at Unocal anticipated that this region's demand for oil would almost double by 2010. Although the short-term increase in demand will probably not meet these expectations, we stand behind our long-term estimates.

I should note that it is in everyone's interest that there be adequate supplies for Asia's increasing energy requirements. If Asia's energy needs are not satisfied, they will simply put pressure on all world markets, driving prices upwards everywhere.

The key question then is how the energy resources of Central Asia can be made available to nearby Asian markets. (and beyond) There are two possible solutions, with several variations. One option is to go east across China, but this would mean constructing a pipeline of more than 3,000 kilometers just to reach Central China. In addition, there would have to be a 2,000-kilometer connection to reach the main population centers along the coast. The question then is what will be the cost of transporting oil through this pipeline, and what would be the netback which the producers would receive.

For those who are not familiar with the terminology, the netback is the price which the producer receives for his oil or gas at the well head after all the transportation costs have been deducted. So it's the price he receives for the oil he produces at the well head.

The second option is to build a pipeline south from Central Asia to the Indian Ocean. One obvious route south would cross Iran, but this is foreclosed for American companies because of U.S. sanctions legislation. The only other possible route is across Afghanistan, which has of course its own unique challenges. The country has been involved in bitter warfare for almost two decades, and is still divided by civil war. From the outset, we have made it clear that construction of the pipeline we have proposed across Afghanistan could not begin until a recognized government is in place that has the confidence of governments, lenders, and our company.

Mr. Chairman, as you know, we have worked very closely with the University of Nebraska at Omaha in developing a training program for Afghanistan which will be open to both men and women, and which will operate in both parts of the country, the north and south. (Interesting, no?)

Unocal foresees a pipeline which would become part of a regional system that will gather oil from existing pipeline infrastructure in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Russia. The 1,040-mile long oil pipeline would extend south through Afghanistan to an export terminal that would be constructed on the Pakistan coast. This 42-inch diameter pipeline will have a shipping capacity of one million barrels of oil per day. The estimated cost of the project, which is similar in scope to the trans-Alaska pipeline, is about $2.5 billion. (Is that all?)

Given the plentiful natural gas supplies of Central Asia, our aim is to link gas resources with the nearest viable markets. This is basic for the commercial viability of any gas project. But these projects also face geopolitical challenges. Unocal and the Turkish company Koc Holding are interested in bringing competitive gas supplies to Turkey. The proposed Eurasia natural gas pipeline would transport gas from Turkmenistan directly across the Caspian Sea through Azerbaijan and Georgia to Turkey. Of course the demarcation of the Caspian remains an issue. (Georgia on our minds?)

Last October, the Central Asia Gas Pipeline Consortium, called CentGas, in which Unocal holds an interest, was formed to develop a gas pipeline which will link Turkmenistan's vast Dauletabad gas field with markets in Pakistan and possibly India. The proposed 790-mile pipeline will open up new markets for this gas, traveling from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan to Multan in Pakistan. The proposed extension would move gas on to New Delhi, where it would connect with an existing pipeline. As with the proposed Central Asia oil pipeline, CentGas can not begin construction until an internationally recognized Afghanistan Government is in place.

The Central Asia and Caspian region is blessed with abundant oil and gas that can enhance the lives of the region's residents, (as IF they care about the regions residents!) and provide energy for growth in both Europe and Asia. The impact of these resources on U.S. commercial interests and U.S. foreign policy is also significant (for its investors, he means) . Without peaceful settlement of the conflicts in the region, cross-border oil and gas pipelines are not likely to be built. We urge the Administration and the Congress to give strong support to the U.N.-led peace process in Afghanistan. The U.S. Government should use its influence to help find solutions to all of the region's conflicts. (What do you think the solution could be? Hummmm..)

U.S. assistance in developing these new economies will be crucial to business success. We thus also encourage strong technical assistance programs throughout the region. Specifically, we urge repeal or removal of section 907 of the Freedom Support Act. This section unfairly restricts U.S. Government assistance to the government of Azerbaijan and limits U.S. influence in the region.

Developing cost-effective export routes for Central Asian resources is a formidable task, but not an impossible one. Unocal and other American companies like it are fully prepared to undertake the job and to make Central Asia once again into the crossroads it has been in the past. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

US Policy On Taliban Influenced By Oil Deal Negotiations

The two claim that the US government's main objective in Afghanistan was to consolidate the position of the Taliban regime to obtain access to the oil and gas reserves in Central Asia.

They affirm that until August [2001], the US government saw the Taliban regime "as a source of stability in Central Asia that would enable the construction of an oil pipeline across Central Asia" from the rich oilfields in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan, through Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the Indian Ocean. Until now, says the book, "the oil and gas reserves of Central Asia have been controlled by Russia. The Bush government wanted to change all that."

Click to enlarge

But, confronted with Taliban's refusal to accept US conditions, "this rationale of energy security changed into a military one", the authors claim.

"At one moment during the negotiations, the US representatives told the Taliban, 'either you accept our offer of a carpet of gold, or we bury you under a carpet of bombs,'" Brisard said in an interview in Paris.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The US government informed other nations of it's plan
to invade Afghanistan months before the 9/11 attacks

9 September 2001: Bush given Afghanistan invasion plan

7 October 2001: Bush announces opening of Afghanistan attacks

13 June 2002: Hamid Karzai Elected as New Afghan Leader
(Former Unocal Consultant)

27 December 2002: Afghanistan Pipeline Deal signed

An agreement has been signed in the Turkmen capital, Ashgabat, paving the way for construction of a gas pipeline from the Central Asian republic through Afghanistan to Pakistan.

The building of the trans-Afghanistan pipeline has been under discussion for some years but plans have been held up by Afghanistan's unstable political situation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Update: 1/13/11 Iran to India Pipeline;

or "Why We Hate Iran" (Beating US to The Punch on the Pipeline) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCbsLrdETcw

Heard Enough? Alright now: Re-Think Afghanistan; http://vimeo.com/4985940

People Who Rule the World

2011-01-11T18:55:00.007-05:00

Club of Rome; http://www.clubofrome.org/eng/home/

The Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatam House)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/

The Trilateral Commission; http://www.trilateral.org/

The United Nations; http://www.un.org/en/index.shtml

The Bilderberg Group; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilderberg_Group

Who also control

The International Monatary Fund & The World Bank

Right-Wing Nuts Claim Arizona Killer a "Pot-Smoking Leftist"

2011-01-11T01:19:00.010-05:00

While the Neo-Cons clammer in defense of their position on guns and try to distract from the fact that they have openly expoused violence in some of their Tea-Party campaigns,...they are quick to claim that Jared Lee Laughner, the Arizona Killer, was a crazed "pot-smoking leftist." However, what they fail to realize or point out is the fact that he was a registered independant and if you read around some of his rants still accessable on the internet, you will find that he had more RIGHT than left wing leanings, and in fact, sounded much like a tea-partier himself. So I am wondering what would make the Neo-Cons think that this guy was "a leftie?" I can only conclude that their "educated opinion" was derived based upon the killers high-school yearbook when he did in fact, look pretty much like a hippy with his long parted down the middle hair

.....but hay, people can and do change from their high school and college years,...take that Horitwitz guy for instance, you know who I am talking about, the ex-liberal hippie

now King of the Neo-Cons. Turns out, his parents were liberal socialists who wouldnt let him watch shows like I Love Lucy or The Three Stooges so I guess his newfound aversion to socialism goes back to that sort of "parental abuse." Talk about going from "one extreme" to the other,...look what he is up to today, with his phoney-baloney "Freedom Center" which is a crock of shit. He aint about nobodys freedom but his own. He is a racist Zionist-Jew openly advocating for war against all Islam! http://www.horowitzfreedomcenter.org/

Take a look at a pic of the Arizona Killer today and tell me do you really think this is the face of a socialist or a left-winged liberal? Looks like a neo-con tea-partier from the white supremist camp side to me. This pic is his mugshot;

Anyways, here is a poem taken from the killers YouTube website. Click onto the link beneath the poem which should open up to the video this poem appeard on. "Starhitshnaz" is his YouTube name.

--------------------
From: Starhitshnaz October 02, 2010 578,891 views

If there's no flag in the constitution then the flag in the film is unknown.
There's no flag in the constitution.
Therefore, the flag in the film is unknown.
Burn every new and old flag that you see.
Burn your flag!
I bet you can imagine this in your mind with a faster speed.
Watch this protest in reverse!
Ask the local police; "What's your illegal activity on duty?".
If you protest the government then there's a new government from protesting.
There's not a new government from protesting.
Thus, you aren't protesting the government.
There's something important in this video: There's no communication to anyone in this location.
You shouldn't be afraid of the stars.
There's a new bird on my right shoulder. The beak is two feet and lime green. The rarest bird on earth, there's no feathers, but small grey scales all over the body. It's with one large red eye with a light blue iris. The bird feet are the same as a woodpecker. This new bird and there's only one, the gender is not female or male. The wings of this bird are beautiful; 3 feet wide with the shape of a bald eagle that you could die for. If you can see this bird then you will understand. You think this bird is able to chat about a government?
I want you to imagine a comet or meteoroid coming through the atmosphere.
On the other hand, welcome yourself to the desert: Maybe your ability to protest is from the brainwash of the current government structure.
...
http://www.youtube.com/user/Starhitshnaz

USA "Offically" a Jewish State Since 1991

2011-01-09T21:07:00.006-05:00

See the 102nd Congress's House Resolution 104 enacted in 1991;
http://www.samliquidation.com/noahide_news.htm

Noahide Law; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah

US Constitution, Art. 1; Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion

What is a Joint Resolution and Does It Have the Full Effect of Law? Well, the answer is maybe;

PUBLIC LAW : A bill or joint resolution (other than for amendments to the Constitution) passed by both Houses of Congress and approved by the president. Bills and joint resolutions vetoed by the President, but then overridden by the Congress also become public law.

RESOLUTION : The official expression of the opinion or will of a legislative body.

The practice of submitting and voting on resolutions is a typical part of business in Congress, state legislatures, and other public assemblies. These bodies use resolutions for two purposes. First, resolutions express their consensus on matters of public policy: lawmakers routinely deliver criticism or support on a broad range of social issues, legal rights, court opinions, and even decisions by the Executive Branch. Second, they pass resolutions for internal, administrative purposes. Resolutions are not laws; they differ fundamentally in their purpose. However, under certain circumstances resolutions can have the effect of law.

In all legislative bodies, the process leading to a resolution begins with a lawmaker making a formal proposal called a motion. The rules of the legislative body determine how much support must be given to the motion before it can be put to a general vote. The rules also specify what number of votes the resolution must attract to be passed. If successful it becomes the official position of the legislative body.

As a spontaneous expression of opinion, a resolution is intended to be timely and to have a temporary effect. Typically resolutions are used when passage of a law is unnecessary or unfeasible. In many cases relevant laws already exist. The resolution merely asserts an opinion that lawmakers want to emphasize. Thus, for example, state and federal laws already criminalize illicit drugs, but lawmakers have frequently passed resolutions decrying illegal drug use. Political frustration sometimes leads lawmakers to declare their opposition to laws that they cannot change. Additionally, resolutions are common in times of emergency. War commonly brings resolutions in support of the nation's armed forces and the president (who, at other times, can be the subject of critical resolutions).

When resolutions are mere expressions of opinion, they differ fundamentally from laws. In essence, laws are intended to permanently direct and control matters applying to persons or issues in general; moreover, they are enforceable. By contrast, resolutions expressing the views of lawmakers are limited to a specific issue or event. They are neither intended to be permanent nor to be enforceable. Nor do they carry the weight of court opinions. In a certain respect, they resemble the opinions expressed by a newspaper on its editorial page, but they are nonetheless indicative of the ideas and values of elected representatives and, as such, commonly mirror the outlook of voters.

In addition to delivering statements for public consumption, resolutions also play an important role in the administration of legislatures. Lawmakers pass resolutions to control internal rules on matters such as voting and conduct. Typically legislatures also use them to conduct housekeeping: resolutions can thank a member for service to the legislature or criticize him or her for disservice. The latter form of resolution is known as censure, a rarely used formal process by which the legislature as a whole votes on whether to denounce a member for misdeeds.

Either house of a legislature can issue its own resolutions. When both houses adopt the same motion, it is called a joint resolution. Besides carrying the greater force of unanimity, the joint resolution also has a specific legal value in state and federal government. When such a resolution has been approved by the president or a chief executive—or passed with the president's approval—it has the effect of law. In some states a joint resolution is treated as a bill. It can become a law if it is properly passed and signed by the chief executive officer. In Congress a related form of action is the concurrent resolution: it is passed in the form of a resolution of one house with the other house in agreement. Unlike a joint resolution, a concurrent resolution does not require the approval of the president.

http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary

CIA to Increase Missile Attacks in Pakistan

2011-01-06T23:54:00.001-05:00

http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/cia-increases-missile-attacks-pakistan-11743196

Terrorism, American Style

2011-01-06T23:40:00.001-05:00

Breaking the Silence: Truth and Lies about Americas "War on Terrorism;" http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/breaking-the-silence/

Guantanamo To Stay Open; Closure Just Another Obomba Lie

2010-12-27T08:02:00.000-05:00

http://readersupportednews.org/off-site-news-section/96-96/4392-white-house-no-end-soon-for-guantanamo

Israeli's UnDeclared WMDs

2010-12-22T14:15:00.000-05:00

A Pakistanian POV;

Israeli Weapons of Mass Destruction: A Nuclear Weapon Race in Middle East?.

So long as any state has nuclear weapons others will want them. So long as any such weapons remain, there is a high risk that they will one day be used, by design or accident. And any such use would be catastrophic. (Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons). The war drums are again beating over Iran

Israel, the World’s Neglected Nuclear Nation. USA and its allies want to control [nuclear proliferation in] the whole Muslim world and everyone's asking in Muslim world now, 'What about Israel?"' South Africa acknowledged that, in the late 1970s, it created six nuclear bombs with the technical assistance of Israel. There is little doubt that Israeli nukes are among the world's most sophisticated and are largely designed for "war fighting" in the Middle East .

Ezar Weissman, Israel's EX President said "The nuclear issue is gaining momentum (and the) next war will not be conventional. Israeli nuclear expert Oded Brosh said in 1992, "...we need not be ashamed that the nuclear option is a major instrumentality of our defense as a deterrent against those who attack us."( Israel Shahak, Open Secrets: Israeli Nuclear and Foreign Policies, London, 1997). Since the 1960s, when Israel produced its first A-bomb’s worth of plutonium, it has enjoyed a surprisingly long-lived monopoly on nuclear weapons in the Middle East. Now, with the nuclear resurgence of Iran, that monopoly could end, with consequences to the region that are difficult to foresee.

The International Atomic Energy Agency Director General Mohamed El Baradei regards Israel as a state possessing nuclear weapons (Mohamed El Baradei (27 July 2004). Since the Gulf War in 1991, much attention has been lavished on an alleged threat from Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, In 2002 blame on Pakistan (Dr.AQKhan WMD ring) to run a nuclear weapons black market and transfer of technology to Libya and North Korea. Now tunes is turned 2ward Iran while the major culprit in the region, Israel, has been largely ignored. It is now firmly Israel under the thrall of rightwing neocon nutjobs.The current Israeli government is pursuing a path of military craziness in the hopes of drawing the US into its own war.

Israel put defenses around its Dimona nuclear reactor on "red alert" 30 times as worries grew that Syria would avenge Israel's September 2007 attack on a suspected nuclear site in Syria. Since World War II, strikes to halt nuclear activities have taken place exclusively in the Middle East: Iraq was struck by Iran (1980), Israel (1981) the Osirak nuclear facility near Baghdad in 1981. That strike, which destroyed the facility in under 100 seconds, was completed without Israeli losses and checked Iraqi ambitions for a nuclear weapons programme. and the US (1991, 2003), while Iraq bombed Iran (1984 to 1987) and Israel (1991). But raids never generated significant radiological consequences, because plants were under construction, contained inconsequential amounts of nuclear material, had radioactive elements removed prior to the attack, or because the attacker missed the mark. With the CTBT in limbo and the NPT being steadily eroded; with North Korea's bomb test and Iran's nuclear plans.

Israel is widely believed to be one of four nuclear-armed countries not recognized as a Nuclear Weapons State by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). United Nations. Background information. (Retrieved on 2006-07-02.) Israel has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It took part in a regional conference with the Union for the Mediterranean – including majority-Arab states – on 13 July 2008 to remove all weapons of mass destruction from the Middle East. .Sources (43 nations to seek Middle East free of WMDs". San Francisco Chronicle. 2008-07-13)

"Israel gets the benefit of being perceived as a nuclear power while at the same time not enduring potential punishment [by the international community]." Israel and South Africa jointly tested a nuclear weapon in 1979. Obama administration officials and the media issued a blizzard of contradictory claims over Iran’s alleged nuclear threat, leaving one wondering who is really in charge of US foreign policy?
The new CIA director, Leon Panetta, said in an interview, `there is no question, they (Iran) are seeking that (nuclear weapons) capability.’

Pentagon chief Adm. Mike Mullen claimed Iran had `enough fissile material to build a bomb.’ Fox News trumpeted that Iran already had 50 nuclear weapons.

The czar of all 16 US intelligence agencies, Adm. Dennis Blair, stated Iran could have enough enriched uranium for one atomic weapon by 2010-2015. But he reaffirmed the 2007 US National Intelligence Estimate that Iran does not have nuclear weapons and is not pursuing them. Defense Secretary Robert Gates backed up Blair. So did the UN nuclear agency.

Pentagon chief Adm. Mike Mullen claimed in 24th May Iran will has nukes in 3 years but why Mullen is not worries with 400 jews bombs why too much contrdaction and double standard.
Today, some 15 nations produce low grade enriched uranium 235(LEU-235) , including Brazil, Argentina, Germany, France, and Japan. Experts believe Japan could produce a nuclear warhead in within three months, if it so decided. Israel and South Africa jointly tested a nuclear weapon in 1979.

The stage is set for a chain of events that could lead to nuclear war over weapons of Mass Destruction in the immediate future. If these events unfold, the trigger will be Israel, the target Iran, the nuclear aggressor the U.S. three of Iran’s major neighbors—India, Israel, and Pakistan—have already proliferated. It also must deal with the presence of two outside nuclear powers: Russia near its northern border and the United States in the Gulf. A worst case scenario it is. If Israel attacks on Iran, the entire Middle East could turn against it and a world war three started in near future. http://www.defense-aerospace.com/art...ure/52674/iran

” Should war break out in the Middle East again... or should any Muslim nation fire missiles against Israel, as the Iraqis did, a nuclear escalation, once unthinkable except as a last resort, would now be a strong probability." Nuclear arms race in the Middle East. (Seymour Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy, New York,1991, Random House) Every one in western society is saying that’s Iran’s nuclear program will inspire countries like Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Egypt to do the same; they fear Iranian supremacy and will do everything in their power to restore the balance of power. Why these countries are not inspired by Israel supremacy and do everything to obtain the nuclear nukes. Israel has accused Iran of developing Nuclear weapons, but has never acknowledged its own programmed to develop weapons of mass destruction why USA and European Union and UN have double Standard.

French and South Africans were primarily responsible for the Israeli nuclear program; the U.S. deserves a large part of the blame. As payment for Israeli participation in the Suez Crisis of 1956, France provided nuclear expertise and constructed a reactor complex for Israel at Dimona capable of large-scale plutonium production and reprocessing. The United States discovered the facility by 1958 and it was a subject of continual discussions between American presidents and Israeli prime ministers. U.S. was heavily involved in developing Israel's nuclear capability, training Israeli nuclear scientists and providing nuclear-related technology, including a small "research" reactor in 1955 under the "Atoms for Peace" program. Israel developed its nuclear program with the help of Norwegian heavy water and between 1976 and 1985. In early 1968, the CIA issued a report concluding that Israel had successfully started production of nuclear weapons Vanunu's Fifth Year Of Restrictions Begins And Norway Caves By Eileen Fleming

The country that has the tremendous arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East is not a single Muslim country, but Israel. The country that has the greatest record of defying the U.N. Security Council and the world community is not any Muslim State, but Israel. The country history will hold responsible for initiating and fueling the arms race in the Middle East more than any other is not Arab or Muslim, but rather the Jewish State of Israel.

American U-2 spy planes in 1958 confirmed the existence of Israel's Dimona nuclear complex, located in the Negev desert.On September 22, 1979, a U.S. satellite detected an atmospheric test of a small thermonuclear bomb in the Indian Ocean off South Africa, but because of Israel's involvement the report was quickly whitewashed by a carefully selected scientific panel, kept in the dark about important details. Later it was Learned through Israeli sources that there were actually three tests of miniaturized Israeli nuclear artillery shells. www.nytimes.com/cfr/international/slot2 _021506.html

Since the Gulf War in 1991, while much attention has been lavished on the threat posed by Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, the major culprit in the region, Israel, has been largely ignored. Possessing chemical and biological weapons, an extremely sophisticated nuclear arsenal, and an aggressive strategy for their actual use. much of what the outside world knows about Israel's nuclear capabilities came from Mordechai Vanunu, a nuclear technician who worked at Dimona and leaked details of the program to the British press in 1986. For his actions, he was sentenced for treason and espionage and spent eighteen years behind bars in Israel, eleven of them in solitary confinement, he was released in April 2004 and ordered not to speak to foreigners or leave the country. Mordechai Vanunu Speaks about Space Weapons and Nuclear Weapons

The Israeli nuclear program began in the late 1940s under the direction of Ernst David Bergmann, "the father of the Israeli bomb," who in 1952 established the Israeli Atomic Energy Commission. It was France, however, which provided the bulk of early nuclear assistance to Israel culminating in construction of Dimona, a heavy water moderated, natural uranium reactor and plutonium reprocessing factory situated near Bersheeba in the Negev Desert. Israel had been an active participant in the French Nuclear weapons program from its inception, providing critical technical expertise, and the Israeli nuclear program can be seen as an extension of this earlier collaboration.
www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20editorials/

Dimona went on line in 1964 and plutonium reprocessing began shortly thereafter. Despite various Israeli claims that Dimona was "a manganese plant, or a textile factory," the extreme security measures employed told a far different story. In 1967, Israel shot down one of their own Mirage fighters that approached too close to Dimona and in 1973 shot down a Lybian civilian airliner which strayed off course, killing 104 people on board.
Should Israel Close Dimona? The Radiological Consequences of a Military Strike on Israel?s Plutonium-Production Reactor | Arms Control Association

In a report published on 4 August 2005, the BBC revealed evidence from the British National Archives that showed that the UK sold 20 tons of heavy water to Israel for £1.5 million in 1958. The heavy water, surplus from a shipment purchased by the UK from Norway in 1956, was for use in Israel's Dimona reactor.

The cornerstone of in 2003 argument was that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Now, the concern over such an arsenal has shifted to Iraq's neighbor, Iran, which the United States suspects of trying to develop a nuclear-weapons program The mystery of Iran's nuclear plans has deepened, and the prospects of war seem to have receded, with the publication of a new United States intelligence report. But this is only one episode of an unfolding story. Iran's interaction both with the EU/E3, and with the IAEA and the US, became more confrontational. Former U.S. weapons inspector David Kay said the Bush administration's current rhetoric on Iran is "very, very similar" to what it was about on Iraq.U.S./Iran: Former Weapons Inspector Says U.S. Must Avoid Mistakes of Iraq

The first rumours about Iran's nuclear military ambitions emerged in 2002. By June 2003, the International Atomic Energy Agency, after inspections at Natanz and Arak, confirmed Iran's fissile activities and recommended that Iran sign the additional protocol to the 1970 nuclear non-proliferation treaty (to which the country was and is a signatory). By October 2003 - lightning-speed in diplomatic terms - the EU signed an agreement with Tehran through the joint efforts of Britain, France, and Germany. By spring 2004, however, both the US and the IAEA independently denounced Iran's erratic behaviour with regard to the Tehran agreement.

By January 2006, Iran had again resumed enrichment, and by February the country was effectively referred to the UN Security Council. By 29 March, Iran was given another deadline one month hence; this it ignored. The EU/E3 then submitted a draft resolution to the UN to curtail Iran by means of sanctions. After prolonged debate, and Russian and Chinese amendments, Resolution 1737 was unanimously adopted by the UN Security Council on 23 December 2006. Yet the data on Iranian nuclear weapons efforts remain uncertain.

The summary reporting by the IAEA has not stated that there is decisive evidence that Iran is seeking such weapons, even though the detailed disclosures in IAEA reporting since 2002 strongly indicate that it is likely that Iran is continuing to covertly seek nuclear technology. Neither the United States nor its European allies have yet released detailed white papers on their intelligence analysis of Iranian efforts, and there have been several press reports that the U.S. intelligence community believes that its knowledge of the Iranian nuclear program is less than adequate to make the case for where, when, and how the Iranians will acquire a nuclear weapon.

One estimate, by the Federation of American Scientists (FAS), puts its arsenal at around 200 nuclear warheads, which would make Israel the sixth-largest nuclear power. These warheads can be launched by air (F-16s and F-15Es), by ground (intermediate-range ballistic missiles like the Jericho II), or by sea (U.S.-made Harpoon missiles based on diesel-powered submarines or ships). Experts say Israeli missiles can reach Libya, Iran, or Russia. It is also believed Israel possesses at least 100 bunker-busting bombs—so-called mini-nukes—which are laser-guided and capable of penetrating underground targets like nuclear labs or storage facilities for weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
Israel's Nuclear Weapons

Israel's latest Jericho III high-impact ballistic missile technology is capable of delivering nuclear warheads to a distance of up to 7,000 km, and at an exceptionally high impact speed, enabling it to avoid any ballistic missile defenses
Sources (Israel Missile Update - 2005)

But as diplomatic pressure intensifies on Iran, new attention has been focused on Israel's nuclear capabilities and the challenges its program poses for peace in the Middle East. it would take Iran—or any state in the region—decades to match Israel's level of nuclear warheads.

It expose the grotesque double standard which sees the U.S. and Europe on the one hand condemning Iran for developing weapons of mass destruction, while simultaneously protecting and enabling the principal culprit Israel. the primary destabilizing dynamic driving the Middle East arms race and compelling the region's states to each seek their own "deterrent."

Nuclear weapons today present tremendous dangers…reliance on nuclear weapons for [deterrence] is becoming increasingly hazardous and decreasingly effective…Reassertion of a world free of nuclear weapons and practical measures toward achieving that goal would be, and would be perceived as, a bold initiative consistent with America's moral heritage.

The IAEA safeguards system which immediately supports it, but as a whole constellation of mutually reinforcing elements, including the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) which has still not entered into force because a number of designated states have failed to ratify (including China, North Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, and, indefensibly, the United States) and the long-hoped for Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT) designed to ban any further production of weapons-usable highly enriched uranium and plutonium, but negotiations on which have been stalled for years.

(1)Facility Uranium Mine, Purpose extracting uranium ore, Location- Saghand, Status operational in 2004.
(2) Facility Uranium Hexafluoride Conversion Plant, Purpose, uranium conversion, Location - Isfahan and Kashan
(3) Facility, Gas Centrifuge Pilot Plant, Purpose, uranium enrichment, Location - Natanz
(4) Facility, Gas Centrifuge Commercial Plant, Purpose, uranium enrichment,Location - Natanz
(5) Facility Gas Centrifuge Auxiliary Plant, Purpose, uranium enrichment, LocationLashkar-Abad, near Hashtgerd
(6) Facility Gas Centrifuge Auxiliary Plant, Purpose, uranium enrichment, radioisotope production, Location Ramandeh
(7) Facility Heavy Water Production Plant, Purpose, produces heavy water, used asamoderator in nuclear reactors, , Location-Arak
(8) Facility Light Water Power Reactor (1,000 MWe), Purpose, electricity production
Location-Bushehr.
(9) Facility -Tehran Research Reactor (5,000 kWt), Purpose, radioisotope production
Location- Tehran.
(10) Facility- Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (30 kWt), Purpose- for isotope production- Location- Isfahan
(11) Facility- Heavy Water Zero Power Reactor, Purpose- research, - Location- Isfahan.
(12) Facility- Graphite Sub-Critical Reactor, Purpose- research, - Location- Isfahan.
(13) Facility- Light Water Sub-critical Reactor, Purpose- research, - Location- Isfahan.

Officials believe that Israel could be required to hit more than a dozen targets, including moving convoys. The sites include Natanz, where thousands of centrifuges produce enriched uranium; Esfahan, where 250 tonnes of gas is stored in tunnels; and Arak, where a heavy water reactor produces plutonium.

The distance from Israel to at least one of the sites is more than 870 miles, a distance that the Israeli force practised covering in a training exercise last year that involved F15 and F16 jets, helicopters and refuelling tankers. “Israel has made it clear that it will not tolerate the threat of a nuclear Iran. According to Israeli Intelligence they will have the bomb within two years ... Once they have a bomb it will be too late, and Israel will have no choice to strike — with or without America,”

the United Nations, the United States and the European Union have hit a total of 175 Iranian individuals and organizations with financial penalties(*). This punishment, meted out in stages since 2005, has been the world’s main response to Iran’s efforts to develop long-range missiles and the ability to arm them with nuclear warheads. The Iranian entities punished are all thought to be linked to these efforts. The punishment has largely meant freezing the assets of the entities and prohibiting virtually all transactions with them.

The U.S., the U.N. and the E.U. have not all chosen the same targets. The U.N. Security Council has approved resolutions requiring member states to freeze the assets of 76 entities; the United States has frozen the assets of 114 by executive order (**); and the European Union has implemented financial sanctions against 115, including all 76 designated by the UN. Just see the double standard of UN and USA, EU for biggest violator is free (Israel) from any sanctions.

"The third element in our defense policy for the 1980s is our determination to prevent confrontation states from gaining access to nuclear weapons. Israel cannot afford the introduction of the nuclear weapon. For us it is not a question of balance of terror but a question of survival. We shall therefore have to prevent such a threat at its inception."Minister of Defense Ariel Sharon 15 December 1981.

So better Israel are going to do suicide if he is really going to attack on Iran nuclear sites, basically why Pakistan situation is going worst by Israel Mossad and Indian RAW collaborations with Afghan KHAD (intelligence agencies) in balouchistan and Tribal areas .Pakistan is going to station the Nuclear war heads in Saudi – Arabia and Iran if attack happen by Israel and USA against Iranian peace fully nuclear programmers.

Why EU and USA Special Envoy came to Pakistan, bascailly they want surety from Pakistan that he will not give the nukes to Islamic country Iran for retaliation against Israel, 2nd doing Proxy war in Pakistan by Israel mean direct talk with Pakistan to and get surety that’s his nukes are against India not a Islamic bomb.

Obama, EU and UN must call the regional conference where all GCC, Middle East, India, Pakistan Iran, Israel including (china, Russia) participate and get simple answer free Middle East and Gulf Region from weapon of mass destruction. Israel and Iran destroyed their weapon of mass destruction if they exist, for better tomorrow and sake of their future generations.
Usman Karim based in Lahore Pakistan lmno25@hotmail.com

Swiss Courts Issue International Arrest Warrant for WikiLeaks Founder in Quid Pro Quo Deal w/ US

2010-11-20T01:12:00.005-05:00

Details of the warrant; http://www.opentopic.com/Politics/news/171

Klews to the Quid Pro Quo; http://corporatejusticeblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/offshore-tax-evasion-swiss-court.html

Evidence of Irans Nuclear Weapons Program May Be Fraudulent

2010-11-19T09:01:00.000-05:00

http://www.truth-out.org/the-iaea-and-fraudulent-iranian-nuclear-documents65241

Israel / Palistine: The Untold Story

2010-11-19T00:15:00.000-05:00

http://www.youtube.com/user/jeffjordan2010#p/c/9322DCBB723F72A9/0/GTSv4UhjA5A

The New Kind of War

2010-11-14T00:53:00.000-05:00

http://www.5min.com/Video/The-New-Kind-of-War-294084428

Netanyahi Defends Israeli Settlement Expansion

2010-11-11T02:46:00.001-05:00

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/10/netanyahu-defends-israel-_n_781450.html?utm_source=DailyBrief&utm_campaign=111010&utm_medium=email&utm_content=NewsEntry&utm_term=Daily+Brief

oBOMBa to Push Back Withdrawal Date on Afghanistian War

2010-11-11T02:09:00.002-05:00

2011 to 2014

http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/11/09/103468/obama-administration-moving-away.html#storylink=misearch#ixzz14ww6ZCBj

FBI "Inventing" Bomb Plots

2010-11-01T23:48:00.000-04:00

http://www.infowars.com/fbi-cooked-up-dc-bomb-plot/

Instigating Revolutions and the Age of Enlightenment

2010-11-01T22:41:00.002-04:00

The Age of Enlightenment;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment

The Haitian Revolution;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution

Help Dennis to Keep His Seat

2010-10-30T03:37:00.008-04:00

Watch him at work here;

The Bail-Outs;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaF_MZVWM3E

Innocent Children Killed in War on Terror; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dy-60zSKiGE&feature=related

LA TIMES: "Is Dennis Kucinich an Endangered Species?"

Dear Friends,

The headline from the LA Times says it all.

Any contributions ($10, $25, $50) we receive today will go towards a TV buy.

I would really appreciate it if you could forward this request for help, plus the article to your own list. Please ask people to go to http://kucinich.us/contribute
to provide the assistance we need to win. And we will win - with your help.

Thanks for your constant support.

Thank you, as ever.

Dennis

LA TIMES
NATION - POLITICAL COMMENTARY FROM ANDREW MALCOLM

Is Tuesday looking so bad that even Dennis Kucinich is an endangered species?
October 29, 2010 2:36 am • latimesblogs.latimes.comOhio Democratic Rep. Dennis Kucinich is a tough little guy who has bounced up and back from numerous family and political adversities in his 64 years.

He's lived in the family car; shined shoes; been a court clerk, a young Cleveland city councilman, a victorious, obstreperous big-city mayor, a defeated, obstreperous big-city mayor; and, since the Clinton landslide of 1996, an obstreperous House member from Ohio's 10th congressional district.

But for how long?

Now seeking his eighth term, the liberal Kucinich is up against a competitive Republican opponent this time (Peter Corrigan, an area businessman) in a depressed city in a depressed state in a depressing year for Democrats.

You may have read a little something here or there about how bad election day is supposed to be for President Obama's party, even in Ohio, which Obama won, 51% to 47%, in 2008 after losing the primary there to Hillary Clinton, 53% to 45%.

Obama hasn't visited Ohio as often as he golfs. But he's been there enough to know that the continuing high unemployment rate (10%) in the crucial battleground state is helping to....

...hold virtually all Democrats behind in statewide races there, including governor (incumbent Democrat Ted Strickland vs Republican ex-Rep. John Kasich , who's had numerous GOP heavyweights pitch in including Sarah Palin, Chris Christie, Tim Pawlenty and Haley Barbour) and senator (the GOP's ex-Rep. Rob Portman, who's dominating Lieut. Gov. Lee Fisherfor George Voinivich's open seat). (As for Ohio's import, Republicans have not won the presidency without the state in 102 years.)

Obama will return to Cleveland yet again this Sunday as part of his last-minute rhetorical carpet-bombing. See, "Why is nobody listening to Obama?" But he probably won't repeat the mistake he made on "The Daily Show." The Democrat paid a sincere compliment to his economic team. But even that sympathetic audience laughed.

(Severe Weather Alert: If the GOP's election successes trickle down to state legislative races in the Buckeye state and elsewhere, Republicans will be drawing the new legislative districts from the 2010 Census that will shape political representation nationally for the next decade.)

Now, it seems even Kucinich's once-safe local House seat could be among the projected 50-or-60 changing political posteriors when the next Congress convenes come January, making Nancy Pelosi a new former House speaker and turning Ohioan John Boehner into a new former non-Speaker.

A private poll reported earlier this month by the Weekly Standard's William Kristol indicated that Kucinich held only a 4-point lead in a district that he used to own with winning percentages in the 70s. Then, RealClearPolitcs' Sean Trende waded in with his expert outlook. Even in Obama's big year of 2008, Kucinich's support waned to 57%.

With Kucinich's preposterous past presidential runs, his proposal for a federal Department of Peace, the non-recovery Recovery Summer and his sidling up to Obama to vote on healthcare may come back to haunt him now as seeming silliness in the face of real economic issues pressing in on Cleveland's West Side families.

Now that the 2010 midterm campaign is nearly over, everyone is trying to collect last-minute money, Barack and Michelle and Joe, even John McCain, who doesn't need it to ensure another Senate term. Kucinich's Thursday money plea seemed particularly plaintive: "Why You May Want to Contribute Now."

"I cannot take this election for granted," Kucinich said. "We need immediate help to raise the funds to spend for last-minute media buys to make sure there is no question about the outcome. Please send a contribution."

-- Andrew Malcolm

(Gov't) Warriors Song

2010-10-29T06:27:00.002-04:00

Music to Kill By; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sam4lq2WHos&feature=related

Iraqi War Atrocities as Told by Eye-Witness / WikiLeaks Warrior

2010-10-29T06:15:00.002-04:00

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kelmEZe8whI&has_verified=1

Whether Racist, Gay-bashing Tea Baggers, or Drone-bombing War Democrats --Stop the Crimes of Your Government!   
People are right to be alarmed and outraged at the fascism of the Tea Partiers and Glenn Beck’s vision of a Christian country.
GOP candidate Christine O’Donnell said to CBN’s David Brody that God is going to appoint her to government. Brody believes that homosexuals should burn in hell. 
 Thousands of Tea Party protesters descended on the Capitol to protest health care reform, they called Rep. John Lewis (an African-American veteran of the Civil Rights movement) a "nigger," and Rep. Barney Frank (who is openly gay) a "faggot.”   
At a Tea Party rally at the Capitol, Republican Rep. Steve King shouted, "If I could start a country with a bunch of people, they'd be the folks who were standing with us the last few days. Let's beat that other side to a pulp! Let's take them out. Let's chase them down. There's going to be a reckoning.”
 But a war-mongering Democratic Party is no alternative at all for humanity:
  Obama has openly ordered the assassination of an American citizen, Anwar al-Aulaqi. Without trial or other judicial proceeding, the administration has put him on the to-be-killed list. The assassination list is in violation of U.S. and international law.  
Whistle-blowing website Wikileaks revealed the war crimes of military occupation in Afghanistan and Iraq, showing that most of the people killed are civilians. Instead of prosecuting government officials responsible for these crimes, the Pentagon is going after the courageous soldiers who made the reality public.    
The Obama administration is using more unmanned drones than Bush used, against Pakistan, a country with which the U.S is not at war, going against international law to do so.
  If many more people had been out in the streets under Bush, repudiating his war crimes, it is possible we would not be in this situation today. But it is not too late!

  What is needed is determined, consistent protest in the streets, at school, on the Internet and airwaves. The future is unwritten, which one we get is up to us.

World Can’t Wait 866-973-4463 worldcantwait.net

Crimes are Crimes, No Matter Who Does Them
t

Hitlers Children (Hitlers Youth)

2010-10-25T21:41:00.001-04:00

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=75319457821217615#

Kill for Peace

2010-10-24T02:07:00.000-04:00

Vintage Fugs; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7VQVzMR4Rs

Dispute Over Black Panther Case Causes Deep Divisions

2010-10-23T03:00:00.002-04:00

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/22/AR2010102203982.html

The Israeli Lobby & What We Are Fighting the "War on Terror" For

2010-10-21T09:38:00.000-04:00

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2894821400057137878#

Iranian Jews Against Zionist Israel

2010-10-17T10:57:00.002-04:00

http://www.sephardicstudies.org/iran.html

U.S. Supplys the World with Depleted Urnaium (DU) Weapons

2010-10-17T09:09:00.002-04:00

US DU Arm sales to the world;
http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/i/21.html#6

US Lack of Transparency to Blame for Stalled DU Decontamination Clean-up, Medical Studies, Report Says

2010-10-16T22:57:00.001-04:00

http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/a/341.html

UN on DU

2010-10-16T22:41:00.001-04:00

http://tinyurl.com/27puo7a

Mossad Behind 9/11 Attacks - Dont Believe It? Heres Proof!

2010-10-13T13:13:00.005-04:00

Hello to the Hopelessly Duped

If you dont believe Israel's Mossad, (our version our of CIA) wasent behind the 9/11 attacks after you review the links,...then you are hopelessly duped, and I pray in the spirit of our love of knowledge and ceaseless pursuit of truth that you will someday be able to see the forest through the trees, the gorilla in the room, that some day you will learn the truth. Our govt was in on it alright, but Israel was the driving force.

We have all seen and heard the stories about 9/11 being an inside job. The claims are that Bush and the CIA were behind the attacks or at least knew of them. However, while this may be true, there were so many missing pieces of the puzzle that people didnt pay much attention to the 9/11 "Conspiracy" Theory. Those who believed it were labeled a bunch of paranoid wackos, but now, as more pieces to the puzzle were found and fit, as more information and new evidences came out,...we now have the MISSING LINKS, the facts indisputable, on history and widely known historical events,...not conjecture and speculation.

Missing Links; http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7877765982288566190#

After you watch the vid, look into the state of affairs of US, the UN and the Middle-East, and look especially to the Report of The US Armys School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) dated Sept. 10, 2001 - (Originally posted in the Washington Post, an Israeli owned corporation) but now mysteriously gone) Surely the Mossaid, with their infamous highly developed world wide espionage network system and voluminous info on foreign intelligence was aware of the findings of this report long before it was issued, and it did not bode well for them. Here is what it said and I have highlighted what I believe to be the most important parts that I believe upset Israel enough to take extreme action against it in hopes of preventing any "neutrality" or support of Palestine that may have come about as a result of it. Israel, of course, doesnt want neutrality,.....it wants the whole world on its side, in fact NEEDs the whole world on its side and can only accomplish its plan through its historic use of lies and deceit and false flag operations involving the killing of allies and even of their own kind. Read the Article to see the SAMs Report, (note date of article;)

U.S. troops would enforce peace under Army study

by Rowan Scarborough - The Washington Times September 10, 2001

(Article ID: U00682760115, available through http://www.washtimes.com/archives.htm

An elite U.S. Army study center has devised a plan for enforcing a major Israeli-Palestinian peace accord that would require about 20,000 well-armed troops stationed throughout Israel and a newly created Palestinian state.

There are no plans by the Bush administration to put American soldiers into the Middle East to police an agreement forged by the longtime warring parties. In fact, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld is searching for ways to reduce U.S. peacekeeping efforts (Israel would not like that) abroad, rather than increasing such missions.

But a 68-page paper by the Army School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) does provide a look at the daunting task any international peacekeeping force would face if the United Nations authorized it, and Israel and the Palestinians ever reached a peace agreement. Located at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., the School for Advanced Military Studies is both a training ground and a think tank for some of the Army's brightest officers. Officials say the Army chief of staff, and sometimes the Joint Chiefs of Staff, ask SAMS to develop contingency plans for future military operations. During the 1991 Persian Gulf war, SAMS personnel helped plan the coalition ground attack that avoided a strike up the middle of Iraqi positions and instead executed a "left hook" that routed the enemy in 100 hours.
The cover page for the recent SAMS project said it was done for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. But Maj. Chris Garver, a Fort Leavenworth spokesman, said the study was not requested by Washington. (Then who? Israel.)

"This was just an academic exercise," said Maj. Garver. "They were trying to take a current situation and get some training out of it." (Yeah, right...can you smell the spin? )

The exercise was done by 60 officers dubbed "Jedi Knights," as all second-year SAMS students are nicknamed.

The SAMS paper attempts to predict events in the first year of a peace-enforcement operation, and sees possible dangers for U.S. troops from both sides.

It calls Israel's armed forces a "500-pound gorilla in Israel. Well armed and trained. Operates in both Gaza and the West Bank. Known to disregard international law to accomplish mission. Very unlikely to fire on American forces. Fratricide a concern especially in air space management."

Of the MOSSAD, the Israeli intelligence service, the SAMS officers say: "Wildcard. Ruthless and cunning. Has capability to target U.S. forces and make it look like a Palestinian/Arab act."

On the Palestinian side, the paper describes their youth as "loose cannons; under no control, sometimes violent." The study lists five Arab terrorist groups that could target American troops for assassination and hostage-taking.

The study recommends "neutrality in word and deed" (Israel would not like this, they want EVERYONE on their side, no friends for Palistines, they are the evil ones, etc. etc.) as one way to protect U.S. soldiers from any attack. (They knew taking sides would put US in danger) It also says Syria, Egypt and Jordan must be warned "we will act decisively in response to external attack."

It is unlikely either of the three would mount an attack. Of Syria's military, the report says: "Syrian army quantitatively larger than Israeli Defense Forces, but largely seen as qualitatively inferior. More likely, however, Syrians would provide financial and political support to the Palestinians, as well as increase covert support to terrorism acts through Lebanon."
Of Egypt's military, the paper says, "Egyptians also maintain a large army but have little to gain by attacking Israel."

The plan does not specify a full order of battle. An Army source who reviewed the SAMS work said each of a possible three brigades would require about 100 Bradley fighting vehicles, 25 tanks, 12 self-propelled howitzers, Apache attack helicopters, Kiowa Warrior reconnaissance helicopters and Predator spy drones.
The report predicts that non-lethal weapons would be used to quell unrest. (They mean to "fry" the unresters with micro-wave lasers,...not quell them. Can you smell the sanitize going on here?)

U.S. European Command, which is headed by NATO's supreme allied commander, would oversee the peacekeeping operation. Commanders would maintain areas of operation, (Israel dont want no one patroling their area but them. Period!) or AOs, around Nablus, Jerusalem, Hebron and the Gaza strip.
The study sets out a list of goals for U.S. troops to accomplish in the first 30 days. They include: "create conditions for development of Palestinian State (Israel does not want that!) and security of Israel "; ensure "equal distribution of contract value or equivalent aid" . (Israel dont want that either, they are for WITH-HOLDING aid!) . . that would help legitimize the peacekeeping force (Israel absolutely DOES NOT want that, they want to keep the war on terror going!) and stimulate economic growth; "promote U.S. investment in Palestine"; (This is the one I think that must have sent Israel "over the edge" against US. Imagine that is when they decided to teach US a lesson in terror) "encourage reconciliation between entities based on acceptance of new national identities"; and "build lasting relationship based on new legal borders and not religious-territorial claims."

Maj. Garver said the officers who completed the exercise will hold major planning jobs once they graduate. "There is an application process" for students, he said. "They screen their records, and there are several tests they go through before they are accepted by the program. The bright planners of the future come out of this program."

James Phillips, a Middle East analyst at the Heritage Foundation, said it would be a mistake to put peacekeepers in Israel, given the "poor record of previous monitors." (*Heritage Foundation run by Zionists Jews, who DO NOT want a UN Peacekeeping force in the MiddleEast for it surely would hamper their free rein to do anything they want)

"In general, the Bush administration policy is to discourage a large American presence," he said. "But it has been rumored that one of the possibilities might be an expanded CIA role."
"It would be a very different environment than Bosnia," said Mr. Phillips, referring to America's six-year peacekeeping role in Bosnia-Herzegovina. "The Palestinian Authority is pushing for this as part of its strategy to internationalize the conflict. Bring in the Europeans and Russia and China. But such monitors or peacekeeping forces are not going to be able to bring peace. Only a decision by the Palestinians to stop the violence and restart talks could possibly do that." (Talk about cover-up FAIL. No bias there, huh?)

SAMs Report, Sept. 10, 2001; http://www.public-action.com/911/sams.html

The read on about the history of Israel, the schisms of Judaism, Zionism, the creation of the state of Israel and the Mossad;

History of Israels Mossad; Pt. 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ga1QlgBXtQQ&feature=related

Then look to the powerful Israeli Lobby in US Govt; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukv85nc-VOA

and how we rely on them FOR OUR OWN INTELLIGENCE! ; http://dangerousnewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2010/10/united-states-looks-to-israel-for.html

DU BABIES - ACCOUNTABILITY NOW!

2010-10-10T19:52:00.003-04:00

US Fighting Zionist Israels Imperial Wars of Expansion; http://tinyurl.com/23rhdlu

More DU Babies; http://tinyurl.com/zvxkd

With Secret & Illegal Weapons; http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0330-02.htm

END U.S.Support of Oppressive Regimes & Aparthied

See .ANNs FRANK and ERNESTE DIARIUM:
or follow Christine A. Jubic on facebook.

Egypt Under Pressure from Israel to Stem African Immigrant Tide; Police Shoot to Kill

2010-10-09T23:07:00.008-04:00

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-08/egypt-must-end-police-killing-of-african-migrants-human-rights-watch-says.html

Israels Pressure; http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/netanyahu-illegal-african-immigrants-a-threat-to-israel-s-jewish-character-1.302653

The Warrior Song

2010-10-08T13:33:00.002-04:00

Music to Inspire Murder;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTs6a0ORdQU&feature=player_embedded#!

Iraq Grows Wealthy

2010-10-04T07:39:00.000-04:00

Iraq Racks Up Budget Surpluses While U.S. Debt Grows

Iraq has run annual budget surpluses each year since the United States invaded and ousted Saddam Hussein in 2003 while the U.S. pumped more than half a trillion dollars into Iraq and ran deficits in every one of those years.

In the 6-year period from 2004 through 2009, the Iraqi government amassed a surplus of $52.1 billion, with up to 92.1 percent of its revenues coming from oil exports, according to an audit by the U.S. Government Accountability Office.

During that same period, deficits in six consecutive years boosted the overall U.S. national debt from $6.9 trillion to $12.3 trillion.

Part of that increased debt can be attributed to the $624 billion the U.S. has spent fighting the war to overthrow the Iraqi regime and help the Iraqis set up a democratic government, the GAO observed.

Despite Iraq’s surpluses, on July 29 the U.S. Congress approved $1 billion in “emergency” aid to the Iraqi government, and President Barack Obama is seeking another $2 billion in his fiscal 2011 budget, CNSNews reported.

The GAO also disclosed that the Iraqi government held as much as $32.2 billion in cash on deposit at banks and financial institutions.

“GAO believes that Congress should consider Iraq’s available financial resources when it reviews the administration’s fiscal 2011 budget request and other potential future budget requests for additional funds to train and equip Iraqi security forces,” the GAO stated in its audit report.

According to the Congressional Budget Office, America’s budget deficit exceeded $1.3 trillion for fiscal 2010, which ended Sept. 30 the second greatest deficit as a percentage of GDP since World War II.

The greatest? The previous year’s $1.4 trillion deficit.

Taxi to the Dark Side

2010-10-04T01:53:00.000-04:00

US Torture poses question: Can Terrorism Destroy Democracy? http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2987535946644608661#

Nobel Winner Denied Entry into Israel / Detained

2010-09-29T01:54:00.000-04:00

http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/09/28/israel.nobel.winner.detained/index.html?hpt=Sbin

Amber Alert

2010-09-25T14:11:00.000-04:00

Amber Alert ~ LOOK @ her PICTURE!! THEN Please Forward

Staff Sergeant Rick Williams

Rolla Police Department

1007 N. Elm St.

Rolla , MO 65401

(573) 364-1213

Fax (573) 364-6346

Please look at the picture, read what her mother says, then forward this message on..

13 year old girl, Ashley Flores, is missing...

She has been missing for two weeks now..

Maybe if everyone passes this on, someone will see this child.

That is how the girl from Stevens Point was found, by circulation of her picture on TV.... The Internet circulates even overseas, South America , and Canada etc.

Please pass this to everyone in your address book.

With GOD on her side, she will be found.

I am asking you all, begging you to please forward this email on to anyone and everyone you know, PLEASE.

It is still not too late. Please help us. If anyone knows anything, please contact me at:

HelpfindAshleyFlore s@...

I am including a picture of her.

All prayers are appreciated!!

It only takes 2 seconds to forward this...

If it was your child, you would want all the help you could get!!

FBI Raids Students Homes in 4 States 4 Protesting for Peace!

2010-09-24T21:58:00.000-04:00

Sounds like the 60's all over again. Havent the FBI Got Better Things to Do, like Track Down Bin Laden and his Bushite Friends?

BREAKING NEWS: FBI Raids of Activists' Homes in Minneapolis, Chicago, Milwaukee, and NC

To members of Students for a Democratic Society

http://twincities.indymedia.org/2010/sep/breaking-news-three-houses-minneapolis-raided-other-houses-michigan-nc-chicago-targeted

http://www.startribune.com/local/103716104.html?elr=KArksLckD8EQDUoaEyqyP4O%3ADW3ckUiD3aPc%3A_Yyc%3AaU1yDEmP%3AQMDCinchO7DU

Hi everybody, it's been a crazy morning here. Wouldn't ya know that the FBI decided to stop into town, and brought the SWAT team with them. They've been kicking down a few doors around the city, and around the country including University of MN SDS member Tracy Molm. The FBI are apparently looking for evidence linking activists to "material support of terrorism" specifically liberation struggles in Colombia and Palestine. Several activists have had papers, CDs, and cell phones stolen among other items; as well as being issued subpoenas to appear before a federal grand jury.

PLEASE ORGANIZE ANY ACTIONS IN YOUR CITY THAT YOU CAN TO CONDEMN THESE INJUSTICES.

These raids are just an ongoing policy of criminalizing dissent against anyone who is willing to resist this government of occupation. We have seen these types of acts before. In Minneapolis alone we have witnessed the arrests of activists organizing against the 2008 Republican National Convention, who were charged with "conspiracy to riot in furtherance of terrorism." Three of whom recently had their charges dropped, proving that the FBI's Joint Terrorism Taskforce had brought these charges with the intent of silencing activists. We have also recently seen a similar case against Scott DeMuth, who was charged with violating the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act (AETA) and subpoenaed to appear before a grand jury. Scott refused to testify before the heinous system of injustice, and his alleged crimes were later proved to be unsubstantiated. This case is no different, and we can desperately use your support. Please organize any actions you can in your city to protest this McCarthyesque witch hunt against activists. A national response could prove extremely powerful to shed light on these injustices.

In love and solidarity,

Grace Kelley UMN SDS

Work for Peace - Embrace It

2010-09-23T19:52:00.003-04:00

A Peace Warrior: David Dionisi
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=363082372739893323#

Banning Slaughter and a New Kind of Protest in Nevada

2010-09-15T10:16:00.002-04:00

http://palestinechronicle.com/view_article_details.php?id=16260

All That You Have Done, Colonialism, Ethnic Cleansing, etc.

2010-09-15T10:11:00.002-04:00

http://palestinechronicle.com/view_article_details.php?id=16264

Israeli Soldiers Sexually Abuse Palestinian Children

2010-09-15T09:56:00.000-04:00

Every year, around 700 children are arrested, most for stone-throwing.

By Stephen Lendman

On September 10, Israel's YnetNews.com headlined, 'IDF sexually abused Palestinian children,' headlining:

"Damning (September 9) CNN report cites uncorroborated sexual abuse charges of Palestinian children detained by IDF." Military officials refused to "respond to abuse charges as no details (were) provided," a spokesman saying "We cannot address general claims on the subject in the absence of a specific complaint."

CNN's report "featured an unidentified Palestinian boy claiming that IDF forces attempted to insert an object into his rectum," and that dozens of officers present stood around laughing while it happened.

The network cited Defence of Children International (DCI) as its source, an independent NGO involved in promoting and protecting children's rights globally for over 30 years, founded on the date the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) passed 10 years later.

In May 2010, it asked the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture to investigate 14 cases of sexual assault or threatened assault it uncovered - committed by Israeli soldiers, interrogators, and police from January 2009 - April 2010. The abused children were from 13 - 16 years old, detained for offenses like stone-throwing harming no one.

DCI-Palestine expressed alarm about sworn affidavits children provided, explaining instances of sexual assault or threatened assault to obtain confessions. In 2009 alone, DCI reviewed 100 sworn affidavits attesting to the following:

-- 97% of children said their hands were tied during interrogations;

-- 92% said they were blindfolded or hooded;

-- 81% said forced confessions were made;

-- 69% said they were beaten or kicked;

-- 65% said they were arrested from midnight to 4AM;

-- 50% said they were verbally abused;

-- 49% cited threats or inducements;

-- 32% were forced to sign confessions in Hebrew they didn't understand;

-- 26% cited painful position abuse;

-- 14% were in solitary confinement;

-- 12% were threatened with sexual assault; and

-- 4%, in fact, were sexually assaulted.

It included grabbing boys by the testicles until they confessed, and threatening others as young as 13 with rape unless they admitted to "throwing stones at Israeli settler vehicles in the occupied West Bank."

In its April 2008 report, the Palestinian Ministry of Detainees and Ex-Detainees Affairs said over 7,000 children had been arrested since September 2000, the start of the second Intifada. About 360 were still held, some as young as 10, treated as harshly as adults, in violation of international law requiring special treatment for children.

Of these, 145 had been sentenced, 200 awaited trial, and 15 were being administratively held without charge for offenses as trivial as stone-throwing. The report also said about 500 youths arrested turned 18 in prison. About 75 were ill and not treated, and nearly all had been tortured or abused by beatings, hooding, painful shackling, and sleep deprivation for several days in the shabeh position.

It involves binding their hands and feet to a small chair, at times from behind to a pipe affixed to the wall, painfully slanted forward, hooded with a filthy sack, and played loud music nonstop through loudspeakers.

The article includes more on their treatment during detention and under occupation, clear evidence of state-sponsored brutality, flagrantly violating international law, Israel's specialty.

DCI-Palestine cited a 15 year old boy's experience after being arrested in September 2009 at 2AM at home:

"While sitting on the ground near the truck, a person speaking Arabic approached me and grabbed my hands and ordered me to stand up and accompany him. He grabbed me so violently and pulled me. He forced me to walk with him for about 20 meters, and I could see from under the blindfold that we stopped behind a military jeep. He slapped me hard twice and grabbed my testicles so hard and started pressing them. Then, he asked me whether I threw stones and Molotov cocktails and I said I did not."

"He started shouting and saying 'liar,' your mother's c..t.' He started beating me all over my body and once again grabbed my testicles and started pressing hard. 'I won't let go of your testicles unless you confess,' he said to me. I felt so much pain and kept shouting. I had no other choice but to confess" to stop the pain.

Every year, around 700 children are arrested, most for stone-throwing, then interrogated with no lawyer or family member present, prosecuted, and sentenced. Over 80% signed forced confessions, one-third written in Hebrew they don't understand. After conviction in military, not civil, court, most are imprisoned in violation of Fourth Geneva's Article 76. Its provisions include assuring "Proper regard....paid to the special treatment due to minors," one of many laws Israel violates, children abused like adults.

When confronted with hard evidence, Israel denies it, saying it respects and observes international law, when, in fact, it's abusively and consistently in violation.

On May 10, Haaretz writer Amira Hass covered the child abuse story, headlining "Over 100 Palestinian minors reported abuse in IDF, police custody in 2009," saying:

"69 minors complained of being beaten, four minors reported being sexually assaulted, and 12 said they were threatened with sexual assault." She added that most were intimidated, abused, and maltreated in custody, before and during interrogations. In addition, they got no food or water for many hours and were forced to name others to stop being mistreated.

DCI-Palestine legal advisor Khaled Kuzmar said many parents don't complain to authorities, having no "confidence in the system that abuses them."

Like always, an IDF Spokesman dismissed "claims of deliberate deviation from procedures for arresting and interrogating minors, (saying their) arrests are carried out in keeping with international law; the arrests of suspects under 16 years old in the West Bank requires a military lawyer's approval....Minors are brought before a judge within a relatively short period."

He lied, including about quick resolution before a judge. In fact, children and adults are often held for weeks or months before appearing for trial or accepting a plea bargain, Israel's corrupted injustice system for anyone not Jewish - even children as young as 9 or 10.

- Stephen Lendman lives in Chicago and can be reached at lendmanstephen@sbcglobal.net. Also visit his blog site at sjlendman.blogspot.com. He contributed this article to PalestineChronicle.com.

SDS National Convention

2010-09-15T09:04:00.000-04:00

Subject: Register NOW for the 5th SDS National Convention! October 22nd-24th 2010, Milwaukee WI

It’s national convention time again for SDS! We are asking that chapters and members please consider coming to our national convention, being held in Milwaukee Wisconsin the weekend of October 22nd-24th. There will be plenaries, workshops, and speakers and will be a great way to meet and talk with other activists and learn from each other, as well as party with some great radicals!

If you are planning to come to the convention, please fill out the registration form as soon as possible. This will help us with planning when it comes to housing, food, reserving rooms, and allocating funds. In addition, there are limited funds available for travel stipends if you and/or your chapter needs financial help in getting to Milwaukee. These funds are limited, and we encourage chapters to look primarily at fundraising locally or getting your school to sponsor you – but don’t be intimidated to apply!

Also - we are not planning on spending a lot of time in decision-making plenaries at this year's convention. If you have ideas for discussions you want to facilitate with other SDSers (how can we make our national organization more effective? what campaigns are most strategic for the student movement? how can students act most effectively against the wars?) then use the workshop submission form to let us know.

The registration form can be found here: http://www.facebook.com/l/67dc9F_F-lUcAh4yI-CBnp3DnkQ;www.surveymonkey.com/s/HWSD5LN
And the workshop registration form can be found here: http://www.facebook.com/l/67dc9dCcA_uN-ys8iDYaFd-u6dA;www.surveymonkey.com/s/HWTN8RT

If you have any questions or other things we should know, email students4democraticsociety@gmail.com

ALSO

If your chapter is organizing around October 7th, please let us know and also let us know where your chapter is located. We are planning to send out a press release for O7 and it is vital that we know.
please send information concerning O7 to students4democraticsociety@gmail.com